Zahra Kazemi
Zahra "Ziba" Kazemi-Ahmadabadi (زهرا کاظمی احمدآبادی) (1949 - July 11, 2003) was an Iranian-born freelance photographer, residing in Montreal (Canada), who was killed by Iranian officials during an interrogation following her arrest in her native country.
Born in Shiraz, Kazemi moved to France in 1974 to study literature and cinema at the University of Paris. With her son, Kazemi, she immigrated to Quebec, Canada in 1993, where she later gained dual citizenship as an Iranian and Canadian national. She worked in Africa, Latin-America and the Caribbean and then more frequently in various middle-eastern countries, including Palestine, Iraq and Afghanistan. She visited the latter two countries both prior and during the US occupation. Immediately prior to her travelling to Iran, Kazemi had revisited Iraq, documenting the American occupation. Recurrent themes in her work were the documentation of poverty, destitution, forced exile and oppression, but also the strength of women in these situations.
Travelling back to her birth country using her Iranian passport, Kazemi was allowed into Iran to take photographs of the possible demonstrations that were expected to take place in Tehran in July, 2003. However, on June 23, 2003, she was arrested in front of the Evin prison where photography is prohibited. The Evin prison staff, who the Kazemi's family lawyers consider a party in the beatings that led to Kazemi's death, say that she had been in a sensitive area, photographing parts of the prison, even though she insisted that she had not photographed any part of the prison, but only the street and the demonstrators -who were family members of activist students jailed in the prison.
Nineteen days later, she died in Iranian custody in Baghiyyatollah al-Azam Military Hospital. It is widely believed she was beaten to death; after initial denials, Iranian government sources (including Mohammad Ali Abtahi, the Vice President of Legal Affairs and Masoud Pezeshkian, the Minister of Health and Medical Education) later admitted that she had died of a fractured skull as a result of being hit in the head. Abtahi claims that he was under a lot of pressure to take back the acknowlegement, but he resisted it.
Her death and the subsequent burial in Iran sparked a sharp diplomatic response from Canada, which insisted that her body be returned to her Canadian son, Stephan Hachemi. The Iranian government claimed the burial had happened in Iran following the wishes of Kazemi's mother (who later claimed in court that she was pushed into it). Her death also raised concerns from international human rights and free speech groups such as Reporters Without Borders, concerned over the fate of journalists in Iran. As of August 2003, ten journalists are currentlyin custody in Iran, and 85 newspapers have been shut down since April, 2000.
One of the two Iranian intelligence agents charged with her death was acquitted in September, 2003. The other agent, Mohammed Reza Aghdam-Ahmadi (محمدرضا اقدم احمدی), was charged with "semi-intentional murder" and his trial opened in Tehran in October, 2003. In the same month, the Iranian parliament condemned Saeed Mortazavi, a Tehran prosecutor, for announcing that Kazemi had died of a stroke.
The Trial
Shirin Ebadi, an Iranian lawyer and former judge who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003, is now the main representative of Kazemi's family at the trial, and has represented them at the second and third sessions of Aghdam-Ahmadi's trial, which took place on July 17 and July 18, 2004. In the court, Kazemi's mother mentioned that she wanted the real murderer to be prosecuted. She also mentioned that she saw Kazemi's body before the burial, upon which there were signs of torture.
Ebadi and the other lawyers of the family insisted in the court that they know that Kazemi was not killed by Aghdam-Ahmadi, and they need witnesses to be brought to the court in order to find the real murderer, who they guessed may be Mohammad Bakhshi, a high officer of the Evin prison. The list of witnesses included Saeed Mortazavi, the general prosecutor of Tehran Mohsen Armin, reformist member of the previous parliament Hossein Ansari-Rad, Jamileh Kadivar, and Mohsen Mirdamadi, Minister of Intelligence Ali Younesi, the Vice President of Legal Affairs Mohammad Ali Abtahi , Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance Ahmad Masjedjamei, the five judges who were present during Kazemi's interrogation, a few employees of the Evin prison, the president of the Baghiyyatollah hospital, and all of the medical staff who had signed her file. Judge Farahani denied all of the requests. The lawyers also quoted the official report of death that various of parts of Kazemi's body had been damaged and her clothes were torn and bloody, which proves that she had been tortured.
On July 14, 2004, the Iranian government rejected requests for Canadian government observers to attend the trial, despite promises and assurances by the Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi and judiciary officials to the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Bill Graham. The same day, Graham recalled the ambassador at Tehran, Philip MacKinnon. But later, MacKinnon, together with the Dutch ambassador (representing the European Union) and diplomats from the British and French embassies, were allowed to attend the July 17 trial, though not the July 18 one. The Judge Farahani was quoted on July 18 as saying that "(he) made a mistake yesterday. The bar is to show the world that Iran won't bow under pressure." Hamid Reza Assefi, the spokesman for the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said "We hadn't permitted an observer from the beginning. But you should ask the reason for the ban from the court, there may had been a shortage of seats." Assefi also told that since Kazemi was an Iranian citizen and had entered the country with an Iranian passport, never having asked for her citizenship status to be removed, and the Iranian legislation doesn't recognize double nationalities, the case was clearly an internal affair, and the Canadian representativeness sensless.
The trial sessions ended on July 18, with the lawyers of the Kazemi family insisting that the time had not been enough for proofs to be given, witnesses to be brought to court, and the murderer to be identified. They also mentioned that the court didn't pay attention to their evidence. They refused to sign the session notes. The Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister, Bill Graham, defined these events as "flagrant denial of due process".
On July 24, Judge Farahani issued his judgement, clearing Aghdam-Ahmadi of the charges. He also mentioned that since the murderer has not been found, according to the Islamic sources the blood money should be paid by the government to the family. The lawyers of Kazemi's family announced that they will definitely appeal the case, asking for a criminal court to be established to reconsider the whole case, or completing the numerous incompletenesses of the file. They also mentioned that if the family asks, they will bring the case to the international authorities, mentioning Iran's 1954 signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The new Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Pierre Pettigrew is still demanding the truth about the death of Zahra Kazemi. On July 25, he asserted that the Canadian government continues to insist that justice be done and the process to be both transparent and credible.
The end of July saw the Iran's judiciary adding "accidental fall" and "hunger strike" on the list of posible causes for Zahra Kazemi death while in custody in Tehran.
Timeline of Events Following Her Death, July-August 2003
- July 13, 2003 - IRNA, Iran's official news agency reports that Kazemi "suffered a stroke when she was subject to interrogation and died in hospital." The same day, under pressure from Canada, Iran's president, Mohammad Khatami, orders an assembly of five ministers to investigate into her death.
- July 20, 2003 - IRNA reports that Kazemi died from a fractured skull caused by "a physical attack."
- July 21, 2003 - Prosecutor General Saeed Mortazavi is appointed by Iran to head an independent investigative group to look into her death. This appointment is immediately fiercely attacked by pro-reformist Iranian MPs, as Mortazavi had himself been accused of failing to prevent Kazemi's death, and was widely believed to be behind a recent wave of arrests of writers and journalists. Given this controversy, the investigation appeared unlikely to mollify a Canada growing increasingly impatient with Iran's unwillingness to "clearly demonstrate that officials are not allowed to act with impunity" (Foreign Minister Bill Graham, news conference).
- July 23, 2003 - Kazemi's body is buried in her hometown of Shiraz in Iran, supposedly according to the wishes of her mother (Ezzat Kazemi) and relatives in Iran, but contrary to the wishes of her son (Stephan Hachemi, who resides in Montreal), and Canadian officials. Consequently, Canada recalls its ambassador to Iran until further notice, and discusses the possibility of sanctions against Iran. (Her mother later claimed that she had been put under pressure.)
- July 25, 2003 - Iranian Foreign Minister echos the words of Canadian officials almost word for word for Ottawa in reference to the death of an 18-year-old Iranian citizen in Vancouver, Canada, at the hands of undercover Canadian police which occurred around the same time as Ms. Kazemi's death. He demands that Canadian officials "clearly demonstrate that officials in Canada are not allowed to act with impunity, ... [and] The Islamic republic will seek through diplomatic channels clear and convincing explanations of this crime," he said.
- July 26, 2003 - Iran announces that it has arrested five members of its security services in connection with the investigation, but gives no further details.
- August 25, 2003 - Two Iranian intelligence agents who had interrogated Kazemi are charged with complicity in her death. The Teheran prosecutor's office releases a statement reading in part, "The charges levelled against the interrogators, who are said to be members of the Intelligence Ministry, are announced as complicity in semi-intentional murder."
