Xianfeng
Emperor Xianfeng (Chinese: 咸豐皇帝; Wade-Giles: Hsien-feng) (July 17, 1831 - August 22, 1861) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty to rule over China (1850 to 1861).
He was born at the Old Summer Palace (圓明園), 8km./5 miles northwest of the walls of Beijing, and was given the name Yizhu (奕詝).
He was the fourth son of Emperor Daoguang. His mother was the concubine of the 2nd rank Quan (全貴妃), of the (Manchu) Niohuru clan, who was made empress in 1834, and is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoquan Cheng (孝全成皇后).
He died on August 22, 1861 at the Rehe Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km./140 miles northeast of Beijing, where the imperial court had fled in the wake of the Second Opium War. He was survived by his empress, who became Empress Dowager Ci'an (慈安太后), and by the concubine of the second rank Yi (懿貴妃), who became Empress Dowager Cixi (慈禧太后) and went on to rule China as its de facto leader for the next 47 years.
He was interred amidst the Eastern Qing Tombs (清東陵), 125 kilometers/75 miles east of Beijing, in the Dingling (定陵 - meaning "Tomb of quietude") mausoleum complex.
- Temple name: Wenzong (文宗)
- Posthumous name (full): Emperor Xietian Yiyun Zhizhong Chuimo Maode Zhenwu Shengxiao Yuangong Duanren Kuanmin Zhuangjian Xian (協天翊運執中垂謨懋德振武聖孝淵恭端仁寬敏莊儉顯皇帝). The first 22 characters are the honorific names (徽號) given to him during his reign (on 11 occasions, 2 characters at a time), with possibly the 21st and 22nd characters, Zhuangjian (莊儉), given to him after his death only, according to some sources. The last character, Xian (顯 - meaning "the Clear", or "the Illustrious") is the posthumous name (謚號) proper, given to him shortly after his death in 1861.
- Posthumous name (short): Emperor Xian (顯皇帝)
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