Wormwood
Asteraceae.
It comprises hardy herbs and sub-shrubs known for their volatile oils. They grow in temperate climates of the northern hemisphere, usually in dry or semi-dry habitats. The fernlike leaves of many species are covered with white hairs.
It contains many well known species, such as Roman wormwood, Sagebrush, Tarragon, Mugwort, and Southernwood. The aromatic leaves of many of these species are medicinal, some are used for flavoring, and some are important range species. All types of wormwood have an extremely bitter taste.
Occasionally some of the species are called sages and cause confusion with the Salvia sages in the Lamiaceae.
Artemisia abrotanum and the artemisias that are lumped together as 'Dusty Miller,' and the wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) used to flavor the liqueur Absinthe.
A few wormwoods are garden plants, used for bordering.
Wormwoods
Common wormwood or green ginger (Artemisia absinthium) was used to repel fleas and moths, and in brewing (wormwood beer, wormwood wine). The aperitif vermouth (derived from the German word Wermut = wormwood) is a wine flavored with aromatic herbs, but originally with wormwood. It is also used medically as a tonic, stomachic, febrifuge and anthelmintic. It is native to Europe and Siberia and is now widespread in the United States.
The bitterness of all plant parts also led to its use by wet-nurses for weaning infants from the breast, as in this speech from Romeo and Juliet Act I, Scene 3:
'As bitter as wormwood' is a common expression.
- Nurse: ...
- And she [Juliet] was wean'd,--I never shall forget it,--
- Of all the days of the year, upon that day:
- For I had then laid wormwood to my dug,
- ...
Roman wormwood (Artemesia pontica) is a flavouring ingredient that provides the psychoactive chemical thujone in the alcoholic drink absinthe.
Associations in human culture
Wormwood (absinthos in the Greek text) is the 'name of the star' in the Book of Revelation (8:11) that John envisions as cast by the angel and falling into the waters, making them undrinkably bitter. Besides in the Book of Revelation we find up to 8 further references in the Bible showing that Wormwood was a common herb of the area and its awful taste was known, as a drinkable preparation applied for specific reasons. This makes sense since the people of those days lived so much closer to the ground and must have appreciated the effects of wormwood to control parasites.
Some authors thought that Chernobyl translates as Wormwood (the correct translation is mugwort, see Chernobyl: Name origin), which has led some (notably the authors of Left Behind) to theorize that this is a coded reference to radioactive contamination.
Wormwood is a junior devil in The Screwtape Letters a novel by C. S. Lewis on human temptation.
Miss Wormwood is Calvin's teacher in Calvin and Hobbes, a former daily comic strip by Bill Watterson. This character is reportedly named after the Screwtape Letters character mentioned above.
Species
- Artemisia abrotanum L. -- Southernwood, Abrotanum, Old Man, Lad's Love, Boy's Love, Lemon Plant, Lemon Verbena
- Artemisia absinthium L. -- Absinth Sagewort, Absinth Wormwood, Absinthium, Common Sagewort
- Artemisia afra : African wormwood, African Sagebrush
- Artemisia alaskana Rydb. -- Alaska Wormwood
- Artemisia alba
- Artemisia aleutica Hultén -- Aleutian Wormwood
- Artemisia annua L. -- Annual Wormwood, Sweet Sagewort
- Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. -- Little Sagebrush, Low Sagebrush, Black Sage
- Artemisia arctica Less. -- Boreal Sagebrush
- Artemisia australis Less. -- Oahu Wormwood
- Artemisia biennis Willd. -- Biennial Sagewort, Biennial Wormwood
- Artemisia bigelovii Gray -- Bigelow Sage, Bigelow Sagebrush, Bigelow's Sagebrush
- Artemisia californica Less. -- Coastal Sagebrush, California Sagebrush
- Artemisia campestris L. -- Common Sagewort, Field Sagewort, Pacific Wormwood, Wormwood Sagewort
- Artemisia carruthii Wood ex Carruth. -- Carruth Sagewort, Carruth's Sagebrush, Carruth's Sagewort
- Artemisia cina O. Berg & C. F. Schmidt -- Santonica, Levant Wormseed
- Artemisia douglasiana Bess. -- Douglas' Mugwort, Douglas' Sagewort
- Artemisia dracunculus L. -- False Tarragon, Green Sagewort, Silky Wormwood, Tarragon, Wormwood
- Artemisia filifolia Torr. -- Sand Sagebrush, Sand Sagebush, Sandhill Sage, Silvery Wormwood
- Artemisia franserioides Greene -- Ragweed Sagebrush
- Artemisia frigida Willd. -- Fringed Sagebrush, Fringed Sagewort, Prairie Sagewort, Mountain Fringe.
- Artemisia globularia Cham. ex Bess. -- Purple Wormwood
- Artemisia glomerata Ledeb. -- Cudweed Sagewort, Pacific Alpine Wormwood
- Artemisia gmelinii Webb ex Stechmann -- Gmelin's Wormwood
- Artemisia kauaiensis (Skottsberg) Skottsberg -- Kauai Wormwood
- Artemisia krushiana Bess. -- Krush's Wormwood
- Artemisia laciniata Willd. -- Siberian Wormwood
- Artimisa lactiflora
- Artemisia lindleyana Bess. -- Columbia River Wormwood
- Artemisia longifolia Nutt. -- Longleaf sSgebrush, Longleaf Wormwood
- Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. -- Cudweed Sagewort, Gray Sagewort, Louisiana Sagewort, Louisiana Wormwood, Mugwort Wormwood, Prairie Sage, White Sagebrush
- Artemisia macrobotrys Ledeb. -- Yukon Wormwood
- Artemisia maritima L. -- Sea Wormwood, Sea Absinth
- Artemisia mauiensis (Gray) Skottsberg -- Maui Wormwood
- Artemisia michauxiana Bess. -- Michaux Sagebrush, Michaux's Sagewort, Michaux's Wormwood
- Artemisia nesiotica Raven -- Island Sagebrush
- Artemisia norvegica Fries -- Norway Sagewort
- Artemisia nova A. Nels. -- Black sSgebrush
- Artemisia packardiae J. Grimes & Ertter -- Packard's Wormwood, Succor Creek Sagebrush
- Artemisia palmeri Gray -- San Diego Sagewort
- Artemisia papposa Blake & Cronq. -- Owyhee Sage, Owyhee Sagebrush
- Artemisia parryi Gray -- Parry's Wormwood
- Artemisia pattersonii Gray -- Patterson's Wormwood
- Artemisia pedatifida Nutt. -- Birdfoot Sagebrush
- Artemisia pontica L. -- Roman Wormwood
- Artemisia porteri Cronq. -- Porter's Wormwood
- Artemisia pycnocephala (Less.) DC. -- Beach Wormwood
- Artemisia pygmaea Gray -- Pygmy Sagebrush
- Artemisia rigida (Nutt.) Gray -- Scabland Sagebrush
- Artemisia rothrockii Gray -- Timberline Sagebrush
- Artemisia rupestris L. -- Rock Wormwood, Alpine Yarrow
- Artemisia schmidtiana -- Satiny Wormwood
- Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. -- Redstem Wormwood
- Artemisia scopulorum Gray -- Alpine Sagebrush, Dwarf Sagebrush
- Artemisia senjavinensis Bess. -- Arctic Wormwood
- Artemisia stelleriana Bess. -- Oldwoman, Beach Wormwood, Dusty Miller
- Artemisia suksdorfii Piper -- Coastal Wormwood
- Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. -- Tilesius' Wormwood
- Artemisia tridentata Nutt. -- Big Sagebrush, Big Sagebush, Blue Sage, Black Sage, Sage, Basin Sagebrush
- Artemisia tridentata var. parsihii : Big Sagebrush
- Artemisia tridentata var. spiciformis : Big Sagebrush
- Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata : Big Sagebrush
- Artemisia tridentata var. vasayana : Mountain Big Sagebrush
- Artemisia tridentata var. wyomingensis : Wyoming Big Sagebrush
- Artemisia tridentata var. xericensis : Big Sagebrush
- Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. -- Alps Wormwood
- Artemisia vulgaris L. -- Common Wormwood, Alpine Wormwood, Mugwort
- Artemisia vulgaris var. kamtschatica : Common Wormwood
- Artemisia vulgaris var. vulgaris : Common Wormwood).