Unequal Treaties

The "Unequal Treaties" (lit. Chinese: 不平等條約) were a series of treaties signed by the Qing Empire in China and foreign powers (Chinese: 列強) during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was denoted "unequal" because in most cases China was forced to pay astronomical amounts reparation following military defeats, open up ports, cede lands, and make various concessions to foreign "spheres of influence."

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List of major Unequal Treaties

Treaty of Nanking (南京條約)
Treaty of Tianjin (天津條約)
Convention of Beijing (北京條約)
Treaty of Shimonoseki (馬關條約)
Treaty of 1901 (辛丑條約)
Twenty-One Points (二十一條)
Treaty of Peking (with Portugal) (中葡北京條約)

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