Tracer ammunition
Tracers are special bullets that are designed to burn very brightly during their flight, so that their trajectories may be easily seen. Tracers allow the shooter to get a good idea where most of the bullets are going, without actually having to look through a sighting apparatus. The shooter typically "walks" his cone of fire into the target by seeing where the tracer is going. Tracers are usually mixed in small proportion with regular ammunition.
Tracers are constructed with a hollow base, filled with a pyrotechnic flare material. Usually this is a mixture of magnesium, perchlorate, and strontium salts, to yield a bright red color, in US and NATO standard ammunition. Russian and Chinese tracer ammunition is green rather than red, using boron or copper salts instead of strontium salts, and may include white phosphorus instead of magnesium as the pyrotechnic material depending upon where and when it was made.
Tracers were used extensively in machine guns in World War I, and usually loaded every 4 rounds in ground guns, and every 2 or 3 rounds in aircraft guns. In fact, they still are.
A disadvantage of tracers is that they show to the enemy the location of the shooter. As an old military proverb puts it, tracers work both ways.
Besides guiding the shooter's direction of fire, tracer rounds can also be loaded at the end of a magazine to remind the shooter that he needs to change his magazine, if he is using a weapon (such as an AK-47) that does not lock the bolt back when empty.
A problem with this technology is that all tracer rounds have different aerodynamics and even weight from ordinary rounds, so that over long ranges the stream of tracer rounds and the stream of ordinary rounds will diverge radically, especially given that a tracer bullet's mass decreases over time because the tracer material in its base burns and vaporizes. This is less of a problem with modern tracer rounds, but still a problem.
There are three types of tracers: bright tracer, subdued tracer, and dim tracer. The standard tracer starts burning immediately after exiting the muzzle, subdued tracer burns at full brightness after a hundred or more yards to avoid giving away the gunner's position, and dim tracer burns very dimly, but is clearly visible through night vision equipment.
A recent patent (US 2004/99173) covers the use of an LED and capacitor instead of a pyrotechnic compound, in an attempt to stop the tracer being seen from the front. Some say that it is a poor idea, and the changed mass of the bullet, already an issue with tracer, would be even worse, but, on the other hand, as tracer material burns and is vaporized while a conventional tracer bullet flies, its mass decreases over time, changing its trajectory radically. Also, an LED and capacitor would probably be able to emit light considerably longer than conventional tracer bullets can; 7.62x51mm or 7.62x54mm tracers burn out at 800 meters and 5.56x45mm or 5.45x39mm tracers burn out at 300 meters or less.
A simpler solution would be to put a simple grill over the back of the bullet, as seen on many traffic lights, to cut the observable angle, but that would only work if the tracer material were burning in the rear of the bullet alone instead of in a long narrow cloud burning rapidly for several feet behind the bullet as it travels.
Due to their pyrotechnic payload, all tracers are incendiary in nature and can start fires, though incendiary tracer bullets designed for this specific effect, incorporating white phosphorus, are more effective at this.
