Timeline of Slovenian history
This is a timeline of key events in the history of Slovenia and the nations that lived and live on Slovene ethnic territory, mostly
Slovenes. 1 We might start with Kobal's words:
- History, unlike mathematics, is an imperfect science and can never be complete or
totally impartial. Ivan Kobal
NOTE a theory about connections between the Veneti and Proto-Slovenes is believed to be speculative or even pseudohistorical.
- Circa 1300 BC - The Veneti (Venedes) ('Venetkeni', 'Venetkini', 'Venedi', 'Vinedi', 'Vendi', (Jordanes 'Venethi'),
'Sclavi', 'Sclavini', (Jordanes 'Sclaveni'), 'Slovonici') (Greek
Venedes, Homer shortened the name to 'Enetoi', Jordanes wrote 'Ainetoi'
("Laudable")) | (also Wenets, Veneds, Venets, Wenetes) (not to be confused with Venetians or Venicians),
the Proto-Slavs (Proto-Slovenes, Slo-veneti, Sloventi), an Aryan folk from Sorbian (Lusatian (Lusation), Wendish) culture along
the Amber Road conquer and settle region between the Baltic and Adriatic Sea.
- Circa 1150 BC - The Veneti from Paphlagonia, a region in today's northern Turkey on the Black Sea, continued East across Persia and
Afghanistan after the defeat of Troy
reach Punjab across the Khyber mountain
pass (1022 m). 2Z Homer talks about the Venets, and so do the
Greeks, using the name Henetoi. Roman historians claim their leader was Antenor
(Antenore), originated from Troy.
- 1100 BC - The new combined nation, known until today by the name of Aryans or
Hindi, was able to penetrate towards East to the river valley of the Ganges and conquered the whole area up to the Himalayas. A new vast country came into
existence, which still today carries the name Hindustran (like Heneti - Veneti). India -
actually Vindia - was born.
- - A well-developed Illyrian population center exists as far north as the upper
Sava valley in what is now Slovenia. Illyrian friezes discovered near
the present-day Slovene city of Ljubljana depict ritual sacrifices, feasts,
battles, sporting events, and other activities.
Slovenia under the Roman Empire
- 7 - Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolt, and are overcome by
Tiberius and Germanicus (15 BC-19), after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for two years.
- 9 - The Roman Empire finally conquers
Pannonia (which includes the biggest part of present-day Slovenia). Roman legions stay in Poetovio (currently Ptuj).
- Circa 40 - The Noricum Kingdom is ultimately incorporated to the Roman Empire
by the Roman caesar Claudius (10
BC-54, reigned 41-54).
Noricum includes Carinthia and most of Styria. From now on the whole of the Slovene lands is within the borders of the Roman Empire.
- 46 - Celje gets its municipal rights under the name
municipium Claudia Celeia.
- Circa 290 - Noricum is divided under Roman Emperor Diocletian (245-313, reigned 284-305) into Noricum ripense (along the Danube) and
mediterranean (the southern mountainous district).
- Circa 400 - St. Jerome hypothetically translates some writings in a Slovene dialect of
Proto-Slavic into Latin.
- Circa 500/550 to 570/592 - The ancestors of Slovenes
settle in Eastern Alps (Julian Alps,
Karavanke), occupying an area more than twice the size of today's Slovenia.
- Circa 551 - An Ostrogothic historian
Jordanes writes in The origin and deeds of the Goths 3
about 3 nations 'Veneti' ('Wenethi'), 'Sklavens' ('Sclaveni', 'Slevene' ?) and probably the east (or south Slavs), the
bravest nation among them called Antes (Greek Antae, Russian/Ukrainian Anty, Slovene Anti). All his three terms might also be just synonyms for
one nation. Jordanes actually states that there are three names for Wenethi - Wenethi, Antes and Sclaveni (Jordanes,
Getica, ch. XXIII).
- 568 - The Langobards from the margin of
Pannonia break and move into Italy. The independent Slovene state possibly appears in the Eastern Alpine area (provincia
Sclaborum), later named in sources as Sclauinia or Karantania.
- 595 - According to Paul the
Deacon, who was a medieval Lombard chronicler, in 595 Tassilo, king of
Bavarians, attacked 'the province of Sclabi'. Some consider it the first mentioning of the Karantania state. 2X
- 745 - Karantania loses its independence and becomes a margraviate and tantamount part of
the semifeudal Frankish empire later
under the rule of king Charlemagne (742-814, reigned 771-814) due to pressing danger of Avar tribes from the east.
- 1414 - The Habsburg Duke Ernest the Iron (1377-1424) thrones according to the ancient Karantanian ritual of installing dukes on the Duke's Stone and he addresses
again as an archduke.
- 1451 April 11 - Celje acquires town
rights by orders from Celje count Frederic II (Friderik II).
- 1461 - Ljubljana becomes the seat of the diocese.
- 1473 - The city walls and defensive moat are built in Celje.
- 1701 - The Philharmonic Society (Academia philharmonicorum) is established in
Ljubljana.
- 1809 - The Lower Carinthia incorporates to France as Dutchy of Carinthia was divided
into two parts, Upper or Western Carinthia and Lower or Eastern.
- 1813 - The Lower Carinthia is reconqured.
- 1838 - First works, tracings on Slovene territory of a railway route Vienna - Trieste in a so called "Southern Railway"
(Južna železnica) begin.
- 1845 - First works on the "Southern Railway" between Celje and Ljubljana begin,
- 1846 April 27- First locomotive of the "Southern Railway" comes to Celje.
- 1846 May 18 - Trial run of the first train on the "Southern Railway" to Celje is performed.
- 1846 June 2 - The "Southern Railway" to Celje
is open for public.
- 1848 - The United Slovenia (Zedinjena Slovenija), the first Slovene political programme rises.
- 1848 April 18 - The Ljubljana railway
station is finished.
- 1849 August 18 - First locomotive
arrives at Ljubljana railway station.
- 1849 September 16- First train of
the "Southern Railway" arrives in Ljubljana.
- 1849 September 19 - "Southern
Railway" to Ljubljana is ceremonially opened.
- 1849 - The Duchy of Carinthia is created as a separate crownland.
- 1850 May 14 - Emperor Francis Joseph lays the
foundation stone of Trieste railway station.
- 1851 - Society of St. Hermagoras (Mohorjeva družba) first Slovene publisher
is established in Klagenfurt (Celovec), which publishes books in
Slovene.
- 1857 July 18 - The "Carinthian railway"
between Maribor and Klagenfurt is being bult.
- 1857 July 27 - The "Southern Railway" is
completed and opened.
- 1862 November 12 - The railway line
of the "Carintnhian railway" on the route Maribor - Vuzenica is built.
- 1863 - May 31 - The "Carinthian railway" is
built
- 1864 - The Kozler brothers
establish the Pivovarna Union (The Union Brewery).
- 1869 May 17 - Rally at Vižmarje near Ljubljana gathers around 30,000
people where programme of the United Slovenia is demanded.
- 1890 May 1 - Labour Day is celebrated first time.
- 1890 - The railway line on the route Radgona - Ljutomer is built.
- 1891 - The railway line on the route Ljubljana - Kamnik is built.
- 1891 - The railway line on the route Celje - Velenje is built.
- 1894 - First public power station in Škofja Loka is built.
- 1894 - The railway line on the route Ljubljana - Novo mesto is built.
- 1895 - People's loan bank (Ljudska posojilnica) is founded by Catholic middle
class.
- 1895 - Ljubljana is devastated by earthquake.
- 1896 - The National hall (Narodni dom) is built in Celje.
- 1898 - The railway line on the route Ljubljana - Kočevje is built.
- 1899 - The railway line on the route Velenje - Dravograd is built.
- 1900 - Liberal middle class founds the first Slovene bank, The Credit bank of Ljubljana
(Ljubljanska kreditna banka).
- 1902 - First telephone is mounted in
Celje.
- 1907 - Electricity is used in a lead mine in
Mežica.
- 1907 - The Celje hall (Celjski dom) is built in Celje.
- 1908 - The "Karavanke railway" is built.
- 1912 - The Preporod (Rebirth), a juvenile movement is established. Many members
have political connections with the pro-Serb organization Young Bosnia
(Mlada Bosna).
- 1912-1915 - A hydroelectric station in
Završnica (2500 kW) is being built.
- 1913 April 12 - Ivan Cankar in Ljubljana gives a speech Slovenes and Yugoslavs for the
socialist society Vzajemnost (Mutuality) about Slovenes to unite politically but not culturally with other South Slavs and
Yugoslavism.
- 1913 - Celje is electrified.
Westen's dishes factory uses electricity in industry.
- 1914 - The railway on the route Novo mesto - Karlovac begins to run.
- 1914 June 28 - Austrian Archduke Franc Ferdinand a heir to the
Austrian throne and his wife Countess Sophie are killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia at the hands of a pro-Serb nationalist assassin (a Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip, a member of
the Young Bosnia) -- World War I begins.
- 1915-1918 - The Soča River front. In 11 Soča offensives Italians captured just Gorizia (Gorica) and a few frontier sites. On these battlefields many Slovenes in Austro-Hungarian army died (for example at Doberdob).
- 1917 May 30 - May Declaration of Slovene,
Croatian and Serb representatives in the Vienna parliament signed by Anton Korošec about arrangement of a unified common state of Slovenes, Croats, and
Serbs living within the Habsburg monarchy.
- 1917 July 20 - The Corfu Declaration is signed between the Yugoslav committee
(Jugoslovanski odbor) and the Serb government and becomes the basis for the formation of the Yugoslav state.
- 1917 October 24 - November 9 - The Battle of Kobarid between
Austrian forces, reinforced by German units and the Italian army. The Italian army withdraws to the river Piave and only the military assistance of Britishers and Frenchmen saves them from a total break.
- 1918 October 6 - National Council of
Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs is established in Zagreb. It becomes the political
representative body of South Slavs in Austria-Hungary.
- 1918 October 29 - National Council of
Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs breaks off all relations with Austria-Hungary and proclaims a short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats and
Serbs. Slovenia joins a new state with an independent State authority. The state is not recognized internationally.
- 1918 November 1 - General Rudolf Maister takes over the authority of the Maribor garrison.
- 1918 November 3 - Austria-Hungary
surrenders.
- 1918 November 18 - Germany surrenders. World War I ends.
- 1918 December 1 - The State of
Slovenes, Croats and Serbs joins with the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Montenegro to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SHS). Today it is believed that this was a
great historical fault
although at that time this was probably the only sensible decision because Italy according to the London Pact with victorius
entente forces from 1915 without bias occupied
Primorska, Istria (Istra) and Zadar in
Dalmatia and Serbia was forcing for unification.
- 1918 - Nitrogen factory (Tovarna dušika) in Ruše is built.
- 1918 - A hydroelectric station Fala on the Drave river (31.150 kW) is built.
- 1919 January 18 - The Paris Peace Conference begins. Woodrow Wilson gives his "14 Points" address. The 9th and the 10th are crucial for Slovenes within
former Austro-Hungarian borders.
- 1919 June 28 - The Treaty of Versailles is signed between Germany and victorious three
Entente powers.
- 1919 September 10 - The Treaty of
Saint-Germain with republic of Austria. It confirms the break of
Austria-Hungary. Its territory comes down to newly formed countries Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. South Tirol with
mainly German population falls to Italy.
- 1919 - The University of Ljubljana (Univerza v Ljubljani) is established.
- 1920 June 4 - The Treaty of Trianon with Hungary Burgenland (Gradiščansko) falls to Austria and Transmuraland (Prekmurje) to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes.
- 1920 July 13 - Croatian National hall in
Pula and Slovene national hall in Trieste are burried by Italian fascists.
- 1920 August 14 - A security agreement
is signed between Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
- 1920 October 10 - Carinthian Plebiscite.
- 1920 November 12 - The Treaty of
Rapallo between Italy and the Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, where Slovenia loses almost the whole province of Primorska, which is incorporated back again after
the 2nd World War. Italy also gets the whole Istria together with the
Trieste region (Tržaško).
- 1920 - The "Kulturbund" - a cultural and educational organization of German national
minority is established. Later becomes the nazi organization, which operates in Yugoslavia as a fifth column.
- 1921 June 28 - St. Vitus Day Constitution
(Vidovdanska ustava) is adopted. It legalizes a monarchal regulation and
centralism in a new state and also the supremacy of the court and the Serb
politics linked with it.
- 1921 July - An allied treaty for insurance of a situation in East Europe, attained in
the Paris Peace Conference, is made by Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. This alliance supplements the
security agreement between Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and gets the name "Small entente".
- 1922 - Julian March (Julijska krajina) is incorporated to Italy.
- 1923 March - Prefect of Julian March interdicts Slovene and Croatian language at the
administration.
- 1925 October 15 - Italian king issues
a decree, which interdicts Slovene and Croatian language also at courts of justice.
- 1927 - Founding of the TIGR at Goriško,
Slovene anti-fascist organisation, first such European organization and a secret
youth organization Borba (The fight) at the Trieste region.
- 1929 January 6 - The king Alexander I.
with a coup d'état dissolves the parliament and establishes the January
6th Dictatorship. He abolishes the St. Vitus Day constitution, freedom of the press and the pooling rights.
- 1929 October 3 - The king Alexander I
renames the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. All political parties are prohibited.
- 1930 - Italian fascists discover some TIGR's cells and five members of TIGR (other
sources of Borba) are killed at Bazovica.
- 1931 May 9 - To hide a dictatorship the king
Alexander I. initiates the bestowal constitution, which introduces the two-chamber parliament.
- 1933 February 16 - The "Small
entente" between Romania, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.
- 1934 February 9 - The "Balkan
entente" between Romania, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey.
- 1934 October 9- The king Alexander I. Karadžordžević, who reigned since 1921, is assassinated in Marseille together with a
French foreign minister Louis Barthou by Croatian extremist
nationalists.
- 1935 - Prime minister becomes Milan Stojadinović. His government begins to drop a
traditional leaning toward France and starts to connect economically and politically with Germany and Italy.
- 1937 - The National Academy of Sciences and Arts is established in Ljubljana.
- 1938 March 13 - Adolf Hitler annexes Austria to the German Third Reich. Slovenes in Austrian Carinthia practically become German citizens.
- 1938 - Some members of TIGR plan an attempt on Mussolini's life, when he visits Kobarid.
- 1938 December - Prime minister becomes Dragiša Cvetković. He signs an
agreement with the leader of Croatian opposition Vlatko Maček about the foundation of Croatian banovina as the sole
autonomous political and territorial unit in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This agreement does not solve the national problem since
it just distributes the authority among Serbs and Croats.
- 1941 March 1 - Dolomite declaration.
- 1941 April 6 - German, Italian and
Hungarian occupying forces occupy Slovenia and divide it into three parts. One of the darkest times of the Slovene history
begins.
- 1941 April 11 - German army occupies the
Zasavje districts, where important pits, heavy industry and traffic crossroads lie.
- 1941 April 17 - Royal Yugoslav army signs
its surrender in Belgrade.
- 1941 April 19 - A Nazi politician and
SS chief leader Heinrich Himmler
visits Celje and among other he inspects the prison of the Stari pisker ("Old pot").
- 1941 April 26 - An anti-fascist
organization, the Liberation Front of Slovene nation (Osvobodilna fronta Slovenskega ljudstva) (OF) is established in Ljubljana. It is active on all Slovene ethnical
territory, as well in Carinthia, Primorska region in the Venetian province and Slovene Raba region (Slovene Slovensko Porabje, Hungarian Szlovén-vidék or Rába-vidék).
- 1941 May 8 - A decision about the organization
of the OF in the Zasavje districts in Trbovlje, Zagorje and Hrastnik is
adopted.
- 1941 July - Armed resistance begins.
- 1941 August 1 - The first Slovene
partisan unit in the Zasavje distrincts, the Revirje company (Revirska četa) is established at the
Čemšeniška Alpine meadow. 70 fighters were counted.
- 1941 December 12 - A battle between
German policemen and Slovene partisans near the village of Rovte.
- 1943 September 16 - The supreme
plenum of OF proclaims the association of Slovene maritime province (Slovensko primorje) to Slovenia.
The territory of present day Slovenia
- 1943 November 29 - Second session
of AVNOJ in Jajce.
- 1945 May 2 - Troops of Yugoslav 4th Army
together with Slovene 9th Corpus NOV liberate Trieste.
- 1945 May 5 - First postwar Slovene national
government is named and elected by the SNOS (Slovene National Liberation Council) at the Bratina Hall in Ajdovščina.
- 1945 May 8 - British 8th Army together with
Slovene partisan troops and motorized detachment of Yugoslav 4th Army arrives to Carinthia and Klagenfurt.
- 1945 May 9 - General Alexander Löhr Commander of German
Army Group E near Topolšica,
Slovenia signs unconditional capitulation of German occupation troops. World War II in Slovenia ends.
- 1945 June 12 - Trieste stops being under
the administration of Yugoslav army.
- 1947 February 10 - 21 countries
sign the Paris peace conference with Italy.
- 1947 September 15 - Free Territory of Trieste (STO - Svobodno
tržaško ozemlje) is established in Ljubljana.
- 1948 March 18 - Soviet Union calls back all its specialists from Yugoslavia. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union
accuses the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
of not being democratic, that it leans toward imperial powers, that returns
back to capitalism, and that it diverts from Marxism. The Informbiro begins. Economic blockade and a threat of
military intervention follow.
- 1978 - The "South railway" is electrified.
- 2002 October 6 - The European Commission of the EU has announced that Slovenia, among ten
countries: Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland and Slovakia,
has met its criteria for entry, opening the way for EU's expansion from 15 member states to 25.
- 2002 November 10 - 3rd presidential
elections for the period 2002-2007. There are 9
candidates.
- 2002 November 21 - During the
Prague (Czech Republic) NATO summit Slovenia is
invited to start talks in order to join the Alliance together with six countries Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania.
- 2002 December 1 - 2nd round of the
3rd presidential elections. Janez Drnovšek becomes the 2nd
president for the period 2003-2008 from the victory
over another candidate Barbara Brezigar.
- 2003 March 23 - referendums for joining
Slovenia to the EU and NATO. Both are positive.
- 2004 March 29 - Slovenia together with
six former Warsaw Pact countries of Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Romania and Slovakia joins NATO.
- 2004 May 1 - Slovenia enters the European Union
along with Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland and Slovakia.
See also
Notes
- 1 It clearly shows that 'exactly' 1246 ~ 3 × 400
Years have passed for this small nation to be somehow in a foreign Jewish-like Babylonian 'slavery' on a state's scale-view.
But as Prešeren in Zdravljica literally says: "No Devil, but the Neighbour
shall be a Borderer".
- 2X See also Talk:Moravia and Subject page Moravia. (Temporary but interesting)
- 2Y Some modern sources imply that Veneti and Etruscans were highly connected and it is not known yet
which nation influenced on each other.
- 2Z The discovery of an expert Catalan
archaeologist Pere Bosch-Gimpera.
- 3 See English translation of Charles C. Mierow: http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/%7Evandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html
External links
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