Tiananmen incident
The Tiananmen incident took place in the People's Republic of China immediately following the April Fifth Movement. It was catalyzed by the death of Zhou Enlai on January 8 1976.
Before Zhou Enlai's death he had been involved in a power struggle with others in the politburo, the infamous Gang of Four led by Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong's wife. Mourning for Zhou was limited by directives of the Communist Party of China, the flag, for example, being lowered to half-staff for only one hour.
April 4 is celebrated in China as Qing Ming Jie, a holiday. Prior to Qing Ming Jie, mourners had begun placing paper wreaths at the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square as well as white paper chrysanthemums. On April 4 there was an outpouring of wreaths at the Monument as hundreds of thousands of Beijingers flocked to the square. Of particular interest were many handwritten poems that were posted there. On the surface, these poems appeared to a naive observer (such as Jan Wong, a young overseas Chinese student from Canada) to commemorate ancient events from Chinese history, but they actually expressed critical sentiments regarding those in power in China. For example, one poem attacked the Empress Wu Zetian a 7th century Tang Dynasty empress who ruled after her husband died, an allusion to Jiang Qing.
Such a massive outpouring of sentiment alarmed the government who meeting in emergency session as the Politburo in the Great Hall of the People just west of the Square determined to remove all the wreaths and poems. This was done that night.
The next day tens of thousands of citizens returned to the Monument in Tiananmen Square and were dismayed to find the wreaths and other materials removed and a police cordon preventing approach to the Monument. Things became boisterous, and inside the Great Hall of the People, China's rulers were alarmed. After consultation with Mao, it was decided to use force to clear the square. Mao authorized the use of force but not guns.
That evening when only a few thousand protesters remained in the square they were driven from the square by militia armed with clubs. Four thousand were arrested. Sixty protesters were dragged into the Great Hall of the People, beheaded and later shipped to Shanghai and secretly cremated.
Deng Xiaoping, who had been an ally of Zhou Enlai, was demoted and went into exile in Guangzhou, from which he emerged a year later and assumed power after Mao's death and the fall of the Gang of Four.
See also: Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
Further reading
Red China Blues, Jan Wong, Doubleday/Anchor Books, New York, 1995, hardcover, 406 pages, ISBN 0-385-47679-5
