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A thesis is an intellectual propositision. In dialectics, its combination with an antithesis produces a synthesis.
An academic thesis is a treatise written upon either a student's original research or a review of literature produced by others upon a topic. Either one is typically written to fulfill requirements for a higher degree, though usually the term refers to a graduate degree. At some universities, the doctoral thesis is officially called dissertation.
Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (1517). (Otherwise known as Luther's Ninety-Five Theses)