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The Vanishing Hitchhiker is a defining urban legend, and not specific to the United States, though the below reference by Jan Harold Brunvand is primarily about American urban legends.
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The legend's provenance is unknown and probably unknowable; versions have been told in cultures around the world, including some with no knowledge of each other, and was told of horse-driven buggies before being told of cars. There is a version in the New Testament of the Christian Bible (Acts 8:26-39), in which a chariot driver picks up Philip the Evangelist, who baptizes him and then disappears.
The legend has many forms, has been told and heard by countless kids ("This really happened!") and it always happened someplace "close." It runs about as follows:
Again, there are countless versions, and sometimes the hitchhiker makes a prophesy before disappearing before the driver's eyes.
Why the story is told is a good question. It is an encounter with the supernatural — a ghost is met, and the driver was not looking for the supernatural; it came to him/her. The spirit world may be met at any time, by anyone. The spectre passes for a living person. The driver does not recognize it as a ghost at the time, and we never know when we meet the supernatural.