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Perhaps Reggae's greatest record label ever, and often described as the "Motown" of Jamaica, Studio One Records was founded by Clement 'Coxsone' Dodd in 1954. It has produced records by (and had a large hand in shaping the careers of) such artists as Bob Marley and the Wailers, Lee "scratch" Perry, Burning Spear, Toots & the Maytals, John Holt, Horace Andy, Ken Booth, and Alton Ellis.
(Note - There was also an unrelated television series named Studio One.)