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Stenka Razin (1630-1671) was a Cossack leader who led a major uprising against the Russian government.
A long war with Poland from 1654 to 1667 put heavy demands upon the people of Russia. Taxes increased as did conscription. Many peasants hoping to escape these burdens fled south and joined bands of marauding Cossacks. In 1667 Stenka Razin emerged as a leader of the Don Cossacks he created a large army and in 1670 he took Astrakhan. His army advanced up the Volga River. It was joined by many other disaffected with the Russian government. This included many of the lower classes as well as representatives of non-Russian ethnic groups that were being forcibly Russified. In September of 1670 Razin's forces attacked Simbirsk, but were there defeat by a better equipped and trained Tsarist army. Razin was captured and then tortured and executed by the victors.
Stenka Razin is the hero of a once popular Russian folk song, better known by the words Volga, Volga mat' rodnaya. The melody was plagarised in the song The Carnival is Over.
| Words in Russian | Transcribed |
| Из-за острова на стрежень, На простор речной волны, | Iz-za ostrova na strezhen', Na prostor rechnoj volni, |
| На переднем Стенька Разин, Обнявшись, сидит с княжной, | Na perednem Sten'ka Razin, Obnyavshis', sidit s knyazhnoj, |
| А она, потупив очи, Ни жива и ни мертва, | A ona, potupiv ochi, Ni zhiva i ni mertva, |
| Позади их слышен ропот: Нас на бабу променял! | Pozadi ikh slishen ropot: Nas na babu promenyal! |
| Этот ропот и насмешки Слышит грозный атаман, | Etot ropot i nasmeshki Slishit groznij ataman, |
| Брови черные сошлися, Надвигается гроза. | Brovi chernie soshlisya, Nadvigaetsya groza. |
| "Ничего не пожалею, Ъуйну голову отдам!" — | "Nichego ne pozhaleyu, Yujnu golovu otdam!" — |
| "Волга, Волга, мать родная, Волга, русская река, | "Volga, Volga, mat' rodnaya, Volga, russkaya reka, |
| Чтобы не было раздора Между вольными людьми, | CHtobi ne bilo razdora Mezhdu vol'nimi lyud'mi, |
| Мощным взмахом поднимает Он красавицу княжну | Moshchnim vzmakhom podnimaet On krasavitsu knyazhnu |
| "Что ж вы, братцы, приуныли? Эй, ты, Филька, черт, пляши! | "CHto zh vi, brattsi, priunili? Ej, ti, Fil'ka, chert, plyashi! |
| Из-за острова на стрежень, На простор речной волны, | Iz-za ostrova na strezhen', Na prostor rechnoj volni, |