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A Slayer in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer fictional universe is a young girl bestowed with the strength, speed, and stamina to fight demons.
In every generation, there is a Chosen One. She alone will stand against the vampires, the demons, and the forces of darkness. She is the Slayer.
(as of the series finale, all current "potential Slayers" are now considered full Slayers)
Potentials (slayers-in-training or "Slayerettes") are girls, generally around the ages of 12 to 19 (although older or younger girls are sometimes called), all around the world, poised to become the new Slayer at any moment. They can be any girl, from the superstar of the gymnastic squad, to the 10th grade algebra queen.
Sometimes these girls can be identified by the Watchers Council, and a new Watcher is despatched to guide them and train, should they be called to be the Slayer, other times the girl is completely oblivious to her calling, and remains that way unless she is activated as the new Chosen One. Buffy was an one such potential, only becoming aware of her status when her predecessor was killed and her Watcher, Merrick, found her. Kendra, on the other hand, was given to her Watcher by her parents when she was very young and educated in Slaying throughout her life.
Potential Slayers generally have slightly better co-ordination (and other Slayer-type skills) than regular kids, but nowhere near the abilities of an active Slayer.
There is no particular order to the activation of a new Slayer, for example, if Kendra had died several years later, Faith may not have been the next Slayer called, someone like Kennedy may have been mystically chosen instead.
In Season 7, The First Evil put its plan to rid the world of the Slayer line into action. It used its high priests, the Bringers, and its followers, people like Caleb, to try to kill of all the potentials and then Faith and Buffy, thereby making sure no replacement Slayer would be activated.
Buffy received several prophetic dreams of potentials being murdered, but didn't fully understand what was happening until Giles arrived back in Sunnydale, flanked by three Slayerettes, to explain what was going on.
From that moment forth the surviving potentials from all across the globe began to flood to Sunnydale to be under Buffy's protection, some sent by their Watchers, others chased there by the Bringers.
Eventually Willow and Buffy discovered a way to activate all the potential slayers across the world, including those as yet undiscovered by the gang, using the Guardians' Scythe.
Slayerettes that we were introduced to included:
As well as a large amount of anonymous girls seen at Buffy's house and/or killed during the last battle in the Hellmouth.