Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury

Robert Michael James Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury, PC (born September 30, 1946), was a Conservative politician and Leader of the House of Lords, under his courtesy title of Viscount Cranborne.

Political career

Cranborne attended Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford and became a merchant banker before going to work on the family estates. He was selected, unexpectedly, as Conservative candidate for South Dorset in 1976, where his family owned lands, despite the presence of several former MPs on the shortlist. He spoke at the 1978 Conservative Party conference to oppose sanctions on Rhodesia. He won the seat in the 1979 general election, the seventh consecutive generation of his family to sit in the Commons, and in his first speech urged Ian Smith to stand aside in favour of Abel Muzorewa.

He attracted a general reputation as a right-winger, especially on matters affecting the Church of England, but confounded this reputation when he co-wrote a pamphlet in 1981 which said that the fight against unemployment ought to be given more priority than the fight against inflation. He took an interest in Northern Ireland, and when Jim Prior announced his policy of 'Rolling Devolution', resigned an unpaid job as assistant to Douglas Hurd.

Cranborne became known as an anti-communist through activities in support of Afghan refugees in Pakistan in the early 1980s, and sending food parcels to Poland. He was involved in efforts to fund the Afghan resistance.His strong opposition to any involvement by the Republic of Ireland in Northern Ireland led him to oppose the Anglo-Irish Agreement and contributed to his decision to retire from Parliament in 1987.

However, he had made a useful friendship with John Major while in Parliament. After the 1992 general election, Major utilised a rarely-used process known as a writ of acceleration, to call Cranborne up to the House of Lords in one of his father's junior titles. Cranborne was summoned as Baron Cecil of Essendon (his father's most junior title), though continued to be known by his courtesy style of Viscount Cranborne.

He served for two years as a junior Defence Minister before being appointed as Leader of the House of Lords. When Major resigned to fight for re-election as Conservative Party Leader in July 1995, Cranborne led his re-election campaign. He was recognised as one of the few members of the Cabinet who were personally loyal to Major, but continued to lead the Conservative Peers after Labour won the 1997 general election.

When the new Prime Minister Tony Blair proposed the removal of the hereditary element in the House of Lords, Viscount Cranborne negotiated a pact with the government to retain a small number (later set at 92) of hereditary peers for the interim period. For the sake of form this amendment was formally proposed by Lord Weatherill, Convenor of the Cross-Bench Peers. However, Cranborne gave his party's approval without consulting the Leader, William Hague, who knew nothing and was embarrassed when Blair told him of it in the House of Commons. Hague then sacked Cranborne who accepted his error, saying that he had "rushed in, like an ill-trained spaniel".

All former Leaders of the House of Lords who were hereditary peers accepted Life Peerages to keep them in the House in 1999. Cranborne remained active on the backbenches, until the House adopted new rules for declaration of financial interests which he believed were too onerous. He took 'Leave of Absence' on November 1, 2001. He was therefore out of the House when he succeeded his father as 7th Marquess on July 11, 2003.

Personal life: ancestry, lineage, and family

Robert Michael James Gascoyne-Cecil was born on 30 September 1946 as the eldest child and first-born son of the Honourable Robert and Mollie Gascoyne-Cecil, who became Viscount and Viscountess Cranborne in 1947, when his great-grandfather the 4th Marquess of Salisbury (son and heir of the 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, thrice Prime Minister) died on 4 April.

His father the 6th Marquess succeeded his father, the 5th Marquess of Salisbury (1893-1972), and generally eschewed a political career unlike his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather. The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1830-1903 had been a great late Victorian Prime Minister; the 4th Marquess of Salisbury (1861-1947)had been Tory Leader of the House of Lords; the 5th Marquess of Salisbury (1893-1972) had been also a leading Conservative politician in the House of Lords. The Marquesses of Salisbury were descended from the 1st Marquess, a courtier and favorite of King George III of the United Kingdom, who was himself a descendant of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury and one of the men who brought about the accession of King James I of England. Robert Cecil was himself a younger son of Elizabeth's courtier-advisor William Cecil, Lord Burghley, the descendant of a Welsh soldier David Cyssell.

His mother Marjorie "Mollie" Olein Wyndham-Quin was a descendant of the 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl on her father's side, and of the 4th Earl of Bradford via her maternal grandmother. Lady Salisbury is a noted gardener, who has advised several other beginning gardeners including Charles, Prince of Wales.

His parents had several other children, of whom four sons and a daughter survive, although two sons predeceased them.

Robert Gascoyne-Cecil began using Robert as his preferred Christian name from his 21st birthday. In 1970, aged 23, he married Hannah Stirling, niece of Lt. Col. David Stirling (a co-founder of the SAS) and a descendant of the Lords Lovat, Scottish Catholic aristocrats. The marriage was initially opposed by his family, mostly because Miss Stirling was Roman Catholic.

During the 1970s, Viscount and Viscountess Cranborne had two sons and three daughters (including twins), of whom the two elder daughters are married. Until recently, they lived at Cranborne Manor, Dorset. The family seat is Hatfield House, once home to Queen Elizabeth I of England which was given the family by James I of England in exchange for the Cecil family house Theobalds, which the king liked better. The Salisbury family is very wealthy, with land in Dorset, Hertfordshire, and in London; and with heirlooms at Hatfield House.

The Marquess of Salisbury's heir is his elder son the Honourable Robert Edward "Ned" William Gascoyne-Cecil, styled Viscount Cranborne (b. 1970); he is currently unmarried.

Preceded by: The Lord Wakeham	Leader of the House of Lords 1994–1997	Followed by: The Lord Richard
	Lord Privy Seal 1994–1997

Preceded by: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil

Marquess of Salisbury

Followed by: Current Incumbent