Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete, invented by Frenchman Eugène Freyssinet in 1928, is a method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension by subjecting it to compressive stress prior to the application of loading so that on the application of load the compressive stresses already present within the concrete counteract the tensile forces produced by the external load. The main advantage is that while in ordinary concrete only the steel reinforcement can be considered as withstanding tension, in prestressed concrete the whole concrete member can be considered. Thus using of prestressed concrete decreases the size of a concrete structural member.Prestressed concrete can be used to produce beams or slabs with a longer span than is practical with ordinary reinforced concrete. Other items that can be produced include light poles.
Prestressing tendons (generally steel cable) are used to provide a clamping load which produces a compressive stress that offsets the tensile stress that the concrete member would otherwise experience due to a bending load. Prestressing can be accomplished in two ways:
- Pre-tensioned concrete is cast around an already tensioned steel tendon. This method produces a good bond between the tendon and concrete, which both protects the tendon from corrosion and allows for direct transfer of tension. However, it requires stout anchoring points between which the tendon is to be stretched. Thus, most pretensioned members are cast in a factory and must be transported to the construction site, which limits their size.
- Post-tensioned concrete is cast around a duct. Once the concrete cures, a tendon is fished through the duct and tensioned by hydraulic jacks that react against the concrete member itself. Anchors which are locked onto the tendon and which also react against the ends of the beam maintain tension after the jacks are removed. The duct is then grouted to protect the tendon from corrosion. Because the concrete member itself provides the reaction for tensioning the tendon, post-tensioned members can be built on-site.
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