Pregnancy in science fiction

Numerous science fiction, utopian and dystopian novels revolve around sexual reproduction, pregnancy and infertility. Some examples:

• Brian Aldiss: Greybeard (1964) (universal infertility)
• Margaret Atwood: The Handmaid's Tale (1985) (widespread infertility in a theocratic United States)
• David Brin: Glory Season (1994) (mixture of parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction in a mainly female society)
• Anthony Burgess: The Wanting Seed (1962)
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Herland (1915) (parthenogenesis in an all-female society)
• Aldous Huxley: Brave New World (1932) (all children produced in artificial wombs and engineered for specific social niches)
• P.D. James: The Children of Men (1992) (universal infertility)
• Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle: The Mote in God's Eye (1975) (alien race that has to continuously breed and the consequences of its resulting overpopulation crisis)
• Marge Piercy: Woman on the Edge of Time (1976) (fetuses raised externally in breeders rather than in the female womb)
• John Wyndham: The Midwich Cuckoos (1957) (human women simultaneously impregnated with identical alien children)
• Solution Three (1975) (uptopia via mandatory homosexuality, reproduction via surrogate mothers carrying cloned children)

Among themes regularly encountered in science fiction are inter-species reproduction (see Star Trek), artificial wombs, and male pregnancy.