Paul Edgar Philippe Martin

The Rt. Hon. Paul Martin

Rank:	21st
Term of Office:	December 12, 2003 - Present
Predecessor:	Jean Chrétien
Date of Birth:	August 28, 1938
Place of Birth:	Windsor, Ontario
Spouse:	Sheila Ann Cowan
Profession:	businessman, politician
Political Party:	Liberal

The Right Honourable Paul Edgar Philippe Martin (also known as Paul Martin Jr. to differentiate from his father, Paul Joseph James Martin, was sometimes known as Paul Martin Sr.) (born August 28, 1938 in Windsor, Ontario) is the 21st Prime Minister of Canada, succeeding Jean Chrétien on December 12, 2003. He is leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and was re-elected with a minority government on June 28, 2004, the first in 24 years, with the Liberals obtaining 135 of 308 seats in the Canadian House of Commons.

Early life

A businessman and politician, Paul Martin is from a political family. His father, Paul Joseph James Martin, served 33 years as a member of the Canadian House of Commons and was a cabinet minister in four Liberal governments. Martin Jr. was fortunate in having a bicultural upbringing. His father was a Franco-Ontarian, his mother, Eleanor "Nell" Adams, a Scottish Canadian. He was raised in an English-speaking environment in Windsor and Ottawa. To give him the opportunity to improve his French, his parents enrolled him in a private French-language middle school, Ecole Garneau in Ottawa. He then attended the French-Catholic University of Ottawa secondary school.

Martin graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in history and philosophy from St. Michael’s College, University of Toronto, in 1962. He followed his father's path to the University of Toronto Law School where he received his Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree in 1965. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1966.

In 1965, Martin married Sheila Ann Cowan. They have three sons, Paul, Jamie and David. He was employed by the giant Montreal-based conglomerate Power Corporation of Canada, controlled by long-time family friend and one of the wealthiest businessmen in Canada, Paul Desmarais. In 1973 Martin assumed the presidency of Canada Steamship Lines, a subsidiary of Power Corporation. In 1981, Power Corporation sold Canada Steamship Lines Inc. (CSL) to Martin and a partner, Laurence Pathy, for $180 million. In 1988, Martin bought out Laurence Pathy, and took full control of CSL. Concerns have been raised about a potential conflict of interest stemming from Martin's position as Prime Minister and his ownership of CSL. Martin has responded by selling CSL to his sons. However, this action has not entirely quelled the concerns.

Finance Minister

Martin ran CSL successfully until 1988, when he was elected as the Member of Parliament for the electoral district of LaSalle?Émard in Montreal. He was a candidate at the 1990 Liberal leadership convention losing to Jean Chrétien in a bitter race that resulted in lasting animosity between the two men and their supporters. Regardless, the Liberal Party won the 1993 election and Martin was appointed minister of finance by the new prime minister, Jean Chrétien. At the time, Canada had one of the highest annual deficits of the G7 countries and was on the verge of financial crisis. As finance minister, Martin made drastic cuts to federal government spending. His efforts resulted in deficit-free budgets for the Government of Canada since 1998. The Canadian provinces and territories have also implemented fiscally stricter policies in response to Martin's cuts in federal funding of provincial programs.

During his tenure as finance minister, Martin was responsible for lowering Canada's debt-to-GDP ratio to about 50 per cent from a peak of 71 per cent in the mid-1990s. In December 2001, he was named as a member of the World Economic Forum's "dream cabinet". The global business and financial body listed Martin along with U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell and UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan as top world leaders.

Rise to Prime Minister

Prime Minister Chrétien and Martin frequently clashed while in office. It was often reported that Chrétien had never forgiven Martin for running against him in the Liberal leadership race of 1990, and privately often condemned Martin in bitter terms to his aides. After Chrétien's third electoral victory in 2000, there was much speculation in the media and in Ottawa that Martin was after Chrétien's job and wanted to force the prime minister into early retirement.

The conflicts between the two men reached a peak in 2002; Chrétien "resigned" (many would say dismissed) Martin from Cabinet, replacing him with John Manley as Finance Minister. Soon after, Martin formally declared his intention to run as leader of the Liberal Party at the next party convention. Soon after, Chrétien announced he would not seek a fourth term as prime minister. Insiders speculated Chrétien's popularity had declined to the point where he could no longer challenge Martin.

Paul Martin's bid to replace Chrétien was successful and on September 21, 2003 he secured 92% of the party delegates from across the country. On November 14 he was formally declared the winner at the Liberal leadership convention, capturing 3,242 of 3,455 votes. On December 12 he was appointed by the Governor General as the 21st Prime Minister of Canada.

On February 9, 2004 Martin and the Liberals were rocked by a report from Auditor General Sheila Fraser that sponsorship contracts designed to increase the federal government's status in Quebec resulted in little to no work done. Many of the agencies had Liberal ties and roughly $100 million of the $250 million program had questionable results. Martin denies involvement or knowledge of it, and has called a public inquiry into what has come to be known as the Sponsorship Scandal. His opponents, however, state that as finance minister he must have known about these activities.

Immediately after becoming Prime Minister, Paul Martin enjoyed record approval ratings, and it looked as if he might win a record number of seats in an election. Support slumped as a result of the scandal and a desire for change. Nonetheless, Martin decided to call an election for June 28. Polls placed the Liberal Party in a dead heat with the Conservative Party. During the campaign, it was predicted the Liberals would lose by only a few seats, possibly producing a Conservative minority government. However, on election day, the Liberal Party won a strong minority and another term in office, but as the average length of a minority government in Canada is 18 months, it still remains to be seen what this administration can actually accomplish.

See also

• 2004 Liberal Party of Canada infighting