Open society
An open society is a concept originall developed by philosopher Henri Bergson. The government is constantly evolving and its politics are open for criticism and change. It keeps no secrets from itself in the public sense; a non-authoritarian society in which all are trusted with the knowledge of all. Freedom of movement and human rights lay the foundation of an open society.
In Karl Popper's definition, found in his two-volume book The Open Society and Its Enemies he defines an "open society" as one which ensures that political leaders can be overthrown without the need for bloodshed, as opposed to a "closed society", in which a bloody revolution or coup d'état is needed to change the leaders. Democracies are examples of the "open society", whereas totalitarian dictatorships and autocratic monarchies are examples of the "closed society".
The popperian concept of the Open Society stems from his philosophy of science. Since no one has the perfect knowledge on the perfect government, the next best thing is a government that is ready to change the politics it runs. An open society also has to be pluralistic and multicultural, in order to benefit from the maximum number of view points possible to the given problems.
Open society advocates most often see the civil society as the engine of the evolution of the open society. Especially after public choice theory has come to prevalence, many libertarians see their idea of a minimum state with a completely free civil society as the best means for an open society. This contrasts with the original popperian view of a liberal democracy as the governmental ideology of an open society.
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