Nowhere dense
In topology, a subset A of a topological space X is called nowhere dense if the interior of the closure of A is empty.
For example, the integers form a nowhere dense subset of the real line R.
Note that the order of operations is important.
For example, the set of rational numbers, as a subset of R has the property that the closure of the interior is empty, but it is not nowhere dense; in fact it is dense in R, which is the opposite notion.
Note also that the surrounding space matters: a set A may be nowhere dense when considered as a subspace of X but not when considered as a subspace of Y.
Every subset of a nowhere dense set is nowhere dense, and the union of finitely many nowhere dense sets is nowhere dense.
That is, the nowhere dense sets form an ideal of sets, a suitable notion of negligible set.
The union of countably many nowhere dense sets, however, need not be nowhere dense.
(Thus, the nowhere dense sets need not form a sigma-ideal.)
Instead, such a union is called a set of first category.
The concept is important to formulate the Baire category theorem.
A nowhere dense set is not necessarily neglible in every sense. For example, if X is the unit interval [0,1], not only is it possible to have a dense set of Lebesgue measure zero (such as the set of rationals), but it is also possible to have a nowhere dense set with positive measure. For one example (a variant of the Cantor set), remove from [0,1] all dyadic fractions of the form a/2n in lowest terms for positive integers a and n and the intervals around them [a/2n - 1/22n+1, a/2n + 1/22n+1]; since for each n this removes intervals adding up to 1/2n+1, the nowhere dense set remaining after all such intervals have been removed has measure of at least 1/2 and so in a sense represents the majority of the ambient space [0,1].
Generalising this method, one can construct in the unit interval nowhere dense sets of any measure less than 1.
