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Nikkud



         


Niqqud or Nikkud (Standard Hebrew ניקוד, Biblical Hebrew נקדות, Tiberian Hebrew Nəquddôṯ "vowels") is the system of vowel points in the Hebrew alphabet. Several orthographic systems for representing Hebrew vowels were developed in the early middle ages. The most widespread system (and the only one still used to a significant degree today) was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias (see Masoretic Text, Tiberian Hebrew).


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The signs of the niqqud

This table uses the consonants ב, ח or ש, where appropriate, to demonstrate where the niqqud is placed in relation to the consonant it is pronounced after. Any other consonants shown are actually part of the vowel.

This demonstration is known to work in Internet Explorer browser, but in most other Windows browsers including Mozilla the niqqud do not properly combine with the consonants. This is because, currently, the Windows text display engine does not combine the niqqud, but Internet Explorer is specially programmed to be able to.


Symbol Tiberian Standard
בְ שוא šəwâ. Transliterated ə (IPA /ə/), or not at all (silent). שווא šəva, more commonly shva. Officially transliterated ə (IPA /ə/) or not at all (silent), but more commonly transliterated e, or clipped as an apostrophe ' or not written at all.
חֱ חטף סגול ḥăṭep̄ səḡôl. Transliterated ĕ (IPA /ɛ/). חטף סגול ḥataf seggol, more commonly chataf segol. Transliterated e (IPA /e/).
חֲ חטף פתח ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ. Transliterated ă (IPA /a/). חטף פתח ḥataf pátaḥ, more commonly chataf pátach. Transliterated a (IPA /a/).
חֳ חטף קמץ ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ. Transliterated ŏ (IPA /ɔ/). חטף קמץ ḥataf qamaẓ, more commonly chataf kamatz. Transliterated o (IPA /o/).
בִ חירק ḥîreq. Transliterated i (IPA /i/) or í (IPA /iː/). חיריק ḥiriq, more commonly chirik. Transliterated i (IPA /i/). Usually promoted to ḥiriq male in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
בִי חירק מלא ḥîreq mālê. Transliterated î (IPA /iː/). חיריק מלא ḥiriq male, more commonly chirik malei. Transliterated i (IPA /i/).
בֵ צרי ṣērê. Transliterated ē (IPA /eː/). צירי ẓere, more commonly tzeirei. Transliterated e (IPA /e/).
בֵי, בֵה, בֵא צרי מלא ṣērê mālê. Transliterated ê (IPA /eː/). צירי מלא ẓere male, more commonly tzeirei malei. Transliterated e (IPA /e/), but more commonly ei (IPA /ei/).
בֶ סגול səḡôl. Transliterated e (IPA /ɛ/) or é (IPA /ɛː/). סגול seggol, more commonly segol. Transliterated e (IPA /e/).
בֶי, בֶה, בֶא סגול מלא səḡôl mālê. Transliterated (IPA /ɛː/). סגול מלא seggol male, more commonly segol malei. Transliterated e (IPA /e/), but with י it is more commonly ei (IPA /ei/).
בַ פתח páṯaḥ. Transliterated a (IPA /a/) or á (IPA /aː/). פתח pátaḥ, more commonly pátach. Transliterated a (IPA /a/).
בַה, בַא פתח מלא páṯaḥ mālê. Transliterated (IPA /aː/). פתח מלא pátaḥ male, more commonly pátach malei. Transliterated a (IPA /a/).
בָ קמץ גדול qāmeṣ gāḏôl. Transliterated ā (IPA /ɔː/). קמץ גדול qamaẓ gadol, more commonly kamatz gadol. Transliterated a (IPA /a/).
בָה, בָא קמץ מלא qāmeṣ mālê. Transliterated â (IPA /ɔː/). קמץ מלא qamaẓ male, more commonly kamatz malei. Transliterated a (IPA /a/).
בָ קמץ קטן qāmeṣ qāṭān. Transliterated o (IPA /ɔ/). קמץ קטן qamaẓ qatan, more commonly kamatz katan. Transliterated o (IPA /o/). Usually promoted to ḥolam male in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
בֹ חלם ḥōlem. Transliterated ō (IPA /oː/). חולם ḥolam, more commonly cholam. Transliterated o (IPA /o/). Usually promoted to ḥolam male in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
בוֹ, בֹה, בֹא חלם מלא ḥōlem mālê. Transliterated ô (IPA /oː/). חולם מלא ḥolam male, more commonly cholam malei. Transliterated o (IPA /o/).
בֻ קבוץ qibbûṣ. Transliterated u (IPA /u/) or ú (IPA /uː/). קובוץ qubbuẓ, more commonly kubutz. Transliterated u (IPA /u/). Usually promoted to šuruq in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
בוּ שורק šûreq. Transliterated û (IPA /uː/). שורוק šuruq, more commonly shuruk. Transliterated u (IPA /u/).
בּ דגש dāḡēš. Not technically a vowel. It hardens or doubles the consonant in modifies. The resulting form can still take a niqqud vowel. דגש dageš, more commonly dagesh. Though Standard Hebrew indicates doubled consonants in transliteration, it (but not consonant hardening) is almost universally ignored in Israeli Hebrew.
שׁ Šin dot. Not technically a vowel. It indicates that the ש it modifies is to be transliterated š (IPA /ʃ/). Shin dot. It indicates that the ש it modifies is to be transliterated š (IPA /ʃ/), though more commonly transliterated sh.
שׂ Śin dot. Not technically a vowel. It indicates that the ש it modifies is to be transliterated ś (IPA /ɬ/). Sin dot. It indicates that the ש it modifies is to be transliterated s (IPA /s/).


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