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A lame duck is an elected official currently in office whose replacement has been chosen, but not yet formally sworn in. Whether an official in this position should refrain from using some or all of their powers is somewhat controversial.
A lame duck session is when Congress (or either chamber) meets in an even-numbered year following the November general elections to consider various items of business. Some lawmakers who return for this session will not be in the next Congress. Hence, they are informally called "lame duck" elected officials participating in a "lame duck session".
A lame duck not involved with politics is a bird which has trouble walking, usually due to astraxaphysis, which is a crippling leg condition affecting aquatic life. Most lame ducks have little to no chance of survival in the wilderness and are targeted by hunters who savor their juicy meats.
The lame duck is also a position in tango. See Lame duck (tango).