Kunrei-shiki
Kunreisiki
| a | i | u | e | o
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| ka | ki | ku | ke | ko
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| sa | si | su | se | so
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| ta | ti | tu | te | to
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| na | ni | nu | ne | no
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| ha | hi | hu | he | ho
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| ma | mi | mu | me | mo
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| ya | (i) | yu | (e) | yo
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| ra | ri | ru | re | ro
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| wa | (i) | (u) | (e) | (o)
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| n
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| ga | gi | gu | ge | go
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| za | zi | zu | ze | zo
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| da | (zi) | (zu) | de | do
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| ba | bi | bu | be | bo
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| pa | pi | pu | pe | po
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| kya | | kyu | | kyo
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| sya | | syu | | syo
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| tya | | tyu | | tyo
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| nya | | nyu | | nyo
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| hya | | hyu | | hyo
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| mya | | myu | | myo
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| rya | | ryu | | ryo
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| gya | | gyu | | gyo
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| zya | | zyu | | zyo
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| (zya) | | (zyu) | | (zyo)
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| bya | | byu | | byo
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| pya | | pyu | | pyo
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Notes:
- When he へ is used as a particle it is written e not he (as in Nipponsiki).
- When ha は is used as a particle it is written wa not ha.
- When wo を is used as a particle it is written o not wo.
- Long vowels are indicated by a circumflex, for example long o is written ô.
- Syllabic n ん is written as n before consonants but as n' before vowels and y.
- Geminate consonants are marked by doubling the consonant following the っ.
- The first letter in a sentence, and all proper nouns, are capitalized.
- ISO 3602 has the strict form, see Nipponsiki (Nihon-shiki).
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Kunreisiki (訓令式 "Cabinet-ordered system", romanized as Kunrei-shiki in Hepburn) is a romanization system, that is, a system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet.
Kunreisiki is known as the Monbushô (Japanese Ministry of Education, or 文部省) system in English-speaking communities, because it is taught in Monbushô-centered elementary school curriculum. In Japan, such name has never been used. Kunrei-shiki is also referred to as ISO 3062 as it became a standard of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Kunreisiki is based on the older Nipponsiki (Nihon-shiki) system, but modified for modern standard Japanese. For example, the word かなづかい, romanized kanadukai in Nipponsiki, is pronounced kanazukai in modern Japanese, and Kunreisiki uses the latter spelling.
Legal status
The system was originally promulgated as Japanese Cabinet Order No.3 as of September 21, 1937. But since this had been overturned by the SCAP during the Occupation of Japan, the Japanese government repealed it and decreed again as Japanese Cabinet Order No.1 as of December 29, 1954.
Kunreisiki has been recognized, along with Nipponsiki, in ISO 3602:1989. Documentation--Romanization of Japanese (kana script) by the ISO. It was also recommended by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) after they withdrew their own standard, ANSI Z39.11-1972 American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese (Modified Hepburn), in 1994.
Usage
Despite its official recognition, Kunreisiki has not gained widespread acceptance in or outside Japan. The government generally uses Hepburn for romanizing Japanese names and terms in English contexts, as well as some less language-specific contexts such as passports and road signs. Most countries, including all countries in the Anglosphere, continue to use Hepburn.
Because Kunreisiki is based on the Japanese phonology, English speakers sometimes find it strange, particularly when dealing with some newer kana combinations such as ティーム(チーム) team. In Hepburn, these would be distinguished as different sounds and represented as tîmu and chîmu respectively, giving better indications of the English pronunciations. In Japanese phonology, however, the sounds ティ "t'i" and チ "ti" are the same phoneme, and are represented in Kunreisiki as t'îmu and tîmu respectively. The apostrophe indicates "unstable, but identified as the same sound". This kind of logic often confuses those who do not know Japanese phonology well.
Example:
tat-u
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| Conjugation | Kunrei | Hepburn
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| Mizen 1 | tat-a- | tat-a-
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| Mizen 2 | tat-o- | tat-o-
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| Ren'yô | tat-i- | tach-i-
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| Syûsi | tat-u. | tats-u.
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| Rentai | tat-e- | tat-e-
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| Meirei | tat-e. | tat-e.
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Today, the main users of Kunreisiki are Japanese native speakers (especially within Japan) and linguists. The main advantage of Kunreisiki is that it is better able to illustrate Japanese grammar, as Hepburn makes some regular conjugations appear irregular (see table right). The most serious problem of Hepburn is that it changes the stem of verbs. Grammatically speaking, a stem should not be changed in any case.
See also
