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Kirshenbaum chart

Kirshenbaum charts of consonants and vowels

This chart is based off information provided in the Kirshenbaum specification., It may also be helpful to compare it to the SAMPA chart or X-SAMPA chart.

Consonant chart

Kirshenbaum chart of consonants (the paired signs are voiceless/voiced consonants)

Bilabials

Labiodentals

Dentals

Alveolars

Retroflexes

Palato-alveolars

Palatals

Velars

Uvulars

Labiovelars

Pharyngeals

Glottals

Alveolar laterals

Nasals

m

M

n[

n

n.

n^

N

n"

n<lbv>

Stops

p b

t[ d[

t d

t. d.

c J

k g

q G

t<lbv> d<lbv>

?

Fricatives

P B

f v

T D

s z

s. z.

S Z

C C<vcd>

x Q

X g"

w<vls> w

H H<vcd>

h<?>

s<lat> z<lat>

Approximants

r<lbd>

r[

r

r.

j

j<vel>

g"

w

h

Laterals

l[

l

l.

l^

L

Trills

b<trl>

r<trl>

r"

Flaps

*

*.

*<lat>

Ejectives

p`

t[`

t`

c`

k`

q`

Implosives

b`

d`

d`

J`

g`

G`

Clicks

p!

t!

c!

c!

k!

l!

Consonant modifiers and diacritics

Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.

Modifier/diacritic	Meaning
!	Click
"	Uvular
-	Syllabic
.	Retroflex
;	Palatalized
[	Dental
^	Palatal
`	Voiced: Implosive Unvoiced: Ejective
~	Velarized
<?>	Murmured
<H>	Pharyngealized
<h>	Aspirated
<j>	Palatalized
<o>	Unexploded
<r>	Rhoticized
<w>	Labialized

Vowel chart

Kirshenbaum simplified chart of vowels (the paired signs are unrounded/rounded vowels)
	Front	Central	Back	Rhotic (central)
Closed or high	i y I I.	i" u"	u- u U
Half closed	e Y	@<umd> @ @.	o- o	R<umd> R
Half open	E W	V" O"	V O
Open or low	& &.	a a.	A A.

Vowel modifiers and diacritics

Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.

Modifier/diacritic	Meaning
~	Nasalized
:	Long
-	Unrounded
.	Rounded
"	Centralized
?	Murmured
<r>	Rhoticized

Stress is indicated by ' for primary stress, and , for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.