Jabberwocky

For other uses of the name Jabberwocky, see Jabberwocky (disambiguation).

"Jabberwocky" is a poem (of nonsense verse) found in Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There by Lewis Carroll.

Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;

All mimsy were the borogoves,

And the mome raths outgrabe.

Beware the Jabberwock, my son!

The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!

Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun

The frumious Bandersnatch!

He took his vorpal sword in hand:

Long time the manxome foe he sought

So rested he by the Tumtum tree,

And stood awhile in thought.

And as in uffish thought he stood,

The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,

Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,

And burbled as it came!

One, two! One, two! And through and through

The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!

He left it dead, and with its head

He went galumphing back.

And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?

Come to my arms, my beamish boy!

O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!

He chortled in his joy.

Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;

All mimsy were the borogoves,

And the mome raths outgrabe.

Glossary

Several of the words in the poem are of Carroll's own invention, many of them portmanteaus. In the book, the character of Humpty Dumpty gives definitions for the following words from the first verse. Lewis Carroll came up with other versions too.

Brillig

means four o'clock in the afternoon — the time when you begin broiling things for dinner.

Slithy

means "lithe and badgers — they're something like lizards — and they're something like corkscrews. They are very curious looking creatures which make their nests under sun-dials — also they live on cheese.

To gyre

is to go round and round like a gyroscope — Gyre is an actual word, circa 1566 a circular or spiral motion or form; especially : a giant circular oceanic surface current.

To gimble

is to make holes like a gimlet.

The wabe

is the grass-plot round a sun-dial. It's called "wabe" — because it goes a long way before it, and a long way behind it — and a long way beyond it on each side.

Mimsy

is "flimsy and miserable"

Borogove

is a thin shabby-looking bird with its feathers sticking out all round--something like a live mop.

Rath

is a sort of green pig.

Mome

is (possibly) short for "from home" — meaning that the raths had lost their way.

Outgribing

is something between bellowing and whistling, with a kind of sneeze in the middle

Origin

The first stanze of the poem originally appeared in Mischmasch, a periodical that Carroll wrote and illustrated for the amusement of his family. It was entitled "Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry". Carroll also gave translations of some of the words which are different from Humpty Dumpty's. For example, a "rath" is described as a species of land turtle that lived on swallows and oysters.

Translations

"Jabberwocky" has become famous around the world, with translations into many languages, including Spanish, German, Latin, French, Italian, and Esperanto. The following translations of the first verse are the work of Frank L. Warrin (French) and Robert Scott (in German):

Il brilgue: les tôves lubricilleux

Se gyrent en vrillant dans le guave.

Enmîmès sont les gougebosqueux

Et le mômerade horsgrave.

Es brillig war. Die schlichten Toven

Wirrten und wimmelten in Waben;

Und aller-mümsige Burggoven

Die mohmen Räth' ausgrabren.

The task of translation is the more notable because many of the principal words of the poem were simply made up by Carroll, having had no previous meaning. A couple of these words, notably chortle (derived from chuckle and snort), burble and galumph have entered the popular lexicon. The word jabberwocky itself is sometimes used to refer to nonsense language. The glossary above is from Through the Looking-Glass.

What the translators have done with the invented words, it appears, is to make up words of their own that have a mimimal Levenshtein distance (up to homophones) from Carroll's, while respecting the morphology of the language to be translated into. Both the original and the invented words echo actual words in the lexicon, but not necessarily ones with similar meanings. Nonetheless, the overall spirit of the poem is preserved.

The poem is particularly interesting because, although it contains many nonsensical words, the structure is perfectly consistent with classic English poetry. The sentence structure is accurate (another aspect that has been challenging to reproduce in other languages), the poetic forms are observed (e.g. quatrain verse, rhymed, iambic meter), and a "story" is somewhat discernible in the flow of events. The result of mixing this with the many nonsense words has often been interpreted as a satirical look at poetry that is excellent in form but inferior in content.

An extended analysis of the poem is given in the book The Annotated Alice, including writings from Carroll about how he formed some of his idiosyncratic words.