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Judaism strongly prohibits any form of idolatry. Judaism holds that idolatry is not limited to the worship of an idol itself, but also worship involving any artistic representations of God.
Judaism holds that any beliefs or practices which significantly interferes with a Jew's relationship with God may, at some point, be termed "idolatry". Examples might include:
The main article on idolatry discussed the subject of idolatry in the Hebrew Bible.
The Ten Commandments prohibit belief in, or worship of, any deities, gods, or spirits, other than the God of the Bible, the God of the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
The Talmud has a treatise on idolatry, Avodah Zarah, and discusses the subject elsewhere in many passages.
A passage in the midrash literature states that "If one wished to write all the names of idols, all the parchment scrolls in the world would be insufficient" (Midrash Sifre on Deut. 43).
When Jewish monotheism was threatened by conquering Syrians and Romans, the Jews revolted, refusing to permit Roman troops to enter their territory with flags. Jews even detected idols in the portraits of the Caesars stamped on coins, and this was understandable, in view of the divine worship paid the emperors. Despite this fear of idols and images, the danger of inroads among the Jews by idolatrous customs and usages, which permeated the whole ancient world around them, was so great that the scholars could not invent too many "fences" against idolatry. They accordingly aimed at making intimate association with gentiles very difficult.
The ancient world regarded the Jews as atheists because of their refusal to worship visible gods. "Whosoever denies idols is called a Jew" (Talmud Meg. 13). To statements such as this the Jew responded: "Whosoever recognizes idols has denied the entire Torah; and whosoever denies idols has recognized the entire Torah" (Midrash Sifre, Deut. 54 and parallel passages). "As soon as one departs from the words of the Torah, it is as though he attached himself to the worship of idols" (Midrash Sifre, Num. 43).
Although the Jews were forbidden in general to mock at anything holy, it was a merit to deride idols (Talmud Meg. 25b). It was forbidden to look upon images (Tosefta to Talmud Shabbat 17.1), and even thinking of idolatrous worship was prohibited (Talmud Ber. 12b); if one saw a place where an idol had once stood, he was commanded to utter a special prayer (Talmud Ber. 61a). Sacrifice to an idol or anything which in any way might be associated with idolatry was forbidden. It was even insufficient to reduce an idol to powder and scatter it to the winds, since it would fall to earth and become a fertilizer; but the image must be sunk in the Dead Sea, whence it could never emerge (Talmud Avodah Zarah 3.3); nor might the wood of the "asherah" be used for purposes of healing (Talmud Pes. 25a). Among the three cardinal sins for which the penalty was death, idolatry stood first (Talmud Pes. 25a and parallels).
In his The Guide to the Perplexed, I:36, Maimonides holds that no one actually believed that idols are gods; he states that idol-worshippers understood that their idols were only representations of a god, or God. Idols are "worshipped in respect of its being an image of a thing that is an intermediary between ourselves and God."
Maimonides, however, goes further in defining idolatry than any other Jewish thinker before or since; he states that it is idolatry to hold that God is subject to any affections at all. Not only believing that God has a body, but merely believeing "that one of the states of the body belong to Him, you provoke His jealousy and anger, kindle the fire of his wrath, and are a hater, an enemy and an adversary of God, much more so than an idolator."
Maimonides spends most of the first one-third of the Guide proving that the traditional understanding of rabbinic Jewish texts - as well as the nderstanding of all non-Jewish faiths - are wrong and idolatrous in precisely this regard. For Maimonides and other philosophers in the neo-Aristotelian mold, it is idolatry to believe that God has positive attributes in any sense. Maimonides' negation of any positive attributes to God reaches its epitomes in the Guide I:56, where he states that "the relation between us and God, may He be exalted, is considered as non-existent."
This is one of a number of reasons why Maimonides' writings sparked protest from the wider Jewish community for the next two centuries, a phenomenon sometimes known as The Maimonidean Controversy. Both Maimonides' supporters and opponents agreed that by his definition, most religious Jews (as well as non-Jews) were effectively (although unintentionally) idolators. Maimonides' supporters held that the proper response was to spread Maimonides' teachings, to bring people away from idolatry and towards pure monotheism. Maimonides' opponents understood him the identical fashion, but believed him to be incorrect, and thus held that his philosophical teachings were not to be taught. In many places his works were banned.
Some modern Jewish theologians, including Rabbi Joseph H. Hertz, have suggested that perhaps only the Israelites were forbidden to worship idols, but that such worship was permissible for members of other religions. (J. H. Hertz, "Pentateuch and Haftorahs" Soncino Press, 1960, p.759).
A growing number of theologically liberal Jews argue that most modern-day religions which appear idolatrous should not be considered idolatry as defined by Jewish law ("avodah zarah".) They argue that modern day Buddhists, Hindus and others:
As such, some Jews argue that not only does God have a relationship with all gentile monotheists, but that God also maintains a relationship with Hindus, Buddhists and polytheists. Rabbis with these views include Elliot N. Dorff, Michael Strassfeld and David Novak.
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