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Hetman (from Czech: hejtman, German: Hauptmann) was the title of the second highest military commander (after the king) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1568 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A variant of the name, ataman, was also used among Ukrainian Cossacks since the 16th century.
First title of Grand Crown Hetman was created in 1505. The tile of hetman was given to the leader of army and till 1581 hetman existed only during the specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became a permanent title (as all the titles in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, it couldnt be taken away unless treachery was proven (from 1585). Hetmans were not paid for their job by the Royal Treasury. Hetmans were main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's chain of command.
From the end of 16th century there were two hetmans in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and two hetmans in crown of the Polish Kingdom: Field hetman and Great Hetman, altogether 4. For a short period there was also an office of Royal Court Hetman, but it never gained much influence. Field hetmans were also called Frontier Hetmans, since they did the same job as commanders of frontier garrisons before the title of hetman was introduced.
Each hetman received a hetman's mace as the symbol of his postition (it was added to his coat of arms). Less common was a horse-tail ensign.
Hetman's competences and priviliges, first officially described in 1527 in the act of nomination for Cossacks and atamans, who were chosen by Hetmans for 2-year terms.
The hetman had NO right to order forces of the royal court, royal guard, units equipped by the cities, towns, etc., or private individuals, although during wars they often voluntarely pledged their obedience to him. Hetmans had no control over the navy.
Hetman usually had no DIRECT control over pospolite ruszenie, but they could give orders to regimentars who commanded the pospolite ruszenie.
Grand Hetmans usually were in command of the professioal and mobilised army and during peace time stayed at the capital involved in politcs, guarding the interst of the army and planning campaigns.
Field Hetmans were subordinates of Grands and when on the same battlefield commanded the merceneries and artilery. During peace times they usually were deployed on the Eastern and Suthern borders of the Commonwealth, and commanded all local forces against constant skirmishes and small invasions of Ottoman Empire and its vassals.
Hetman main aides included:
Most of those aides also had a Field/Great and Crown/Lithuanian add-ons to their title, depending on what hetman they were serving with.
While hetmans were considered to be among the highest ranking officials in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, they HAD NO RIGHT to sit in the Senat. They could be a members of the Sejm if they had another function that allowed to join that position or were elected as a representatives of local szlachta.
In the plans of reconstruction of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from dual into triple state (Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth), the hetman was to be a head of the Ruthenian part, consisting of three Ukrainian voivodships.
Several new military titles were created after the 1635, changing some of hetman's responsibilites:
The reform in 1776 limited the powers of the hetmans.
| Great Crown Hetmans | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| From | To | |||
| 1503 | 1515 | Mikołaj Kamieniecki | ||
| 1515 | 1526 | Mikołaj Firlej | ||
| 1526 | 1527 | vacant | ||
| 1527 | 1561 | Jan Tarnowski | ||
| 1561 | 1569 | Mikoaj Sieniawski | ||
| 1569 | 1575 | Jerzy Jazłowiecki | ||
| 1579 | 1580 | Mikołaj Mielecki | ||
| 1581 | 1605 | Jan Zamoyski | ||
| 1605 | 1613 | vacant | ||
| 1613 | 1620 | Stanisław Żółkiewski | ||
| 1620 | 1632 | vacant | ||
| 1632 | 1646 | Stanisław Koniecpolski | ||
| 1646 | 1651 | Mikołaj Potocki | ||
| 1651 | 1654 | vacant | ||
| 1654 | 1667 | Stanisław Rawera Potocki | ||
| 1667 | 1674 | Jan Sobieski | ||
| 1674 | 1676 | vacant | ||
| 1676 | 1682 | Dymitr Wiśniowiecki | ||
| 1682 | 1683 | vacant | ||
| 1683 | 1702 | Stanisław Jabłonowski | ||
| 1702 | 1702 | Feliks Szczęsny Potocki | ||
| 1702 | 1706 | Stanisław Hieronim Lubomirski | ||
| 1706 | 1726 | Adam Sieniawski | ||
| 1726 | 1728 | Stanisław Rzewuski | ||
| 1728 | 1735 | vacant | ||
| 1735 | 1751 | Józef Potocki | ||
| 1751 | 1752 | vacant | ||
| 1752 | 1771 | Klemens Branicki | ||
| 1773 | 1774 | Wacław Rzewuski | ||
| 1774 | 1794 | 1539 | 1561 | Mikołaj Sieniawski |
| 1561 | 1569 | vacant | ||
| 1569 | 1569 | Jerzy Jazłowiecki | ||
| 1569 | 1587 | Mikołaj Sieniawski | ||
| 1587 | 1588 | vacant | ||
| 1588 | 1613 | Stanisław Żółkiewski | ||
| 1613 | 1618 | vacant | ||
| 1618 | 1632 | Stanisław Koniecpolski | ||
| 1632 | 1633 | vacant | ||
| 1618 | 1632 | Marcin Kazanowski | ||
| 1636 | 1637 | vacant | ||
| 1637 | 1646 | Mikołaj Potocki | ||
| 1646 | 1652 | Marcin Kalinowski | ||
| 1652 | 1654 | Stanisław Rawera Potocki | ||
| 1654 | 1657 | Stanisław Lanckoroński | ||
| 1657 | 1664 | Jerzy Lubomirski | ||
| 1664 | 1665 | Stefan Czarniecki | ||
| 1665 | 1666 | vacant | ||
| 1666 | 1667 | Jan Sobieski | ||
| 1667 | 1676 | Dymitr Wiśniowiecki | ||
| 1682 | 1683 | Stanisław Jabłonowski | ||
| 1682 | 1683 | Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski | ||
| 1684 | 1691 | Andrzej Potocki | ||
| 1691 | 1692 | vacant | ||
| 1692 | 1702 | Feliks Szczęsny Potocki | ||
| 1702 | 1702 | Hieronim Lubomirski | ||
| 1702 | 1706 | Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski | ||
| 1706 | 1726 | Stanisław Rzewuski | ||
| 1726 | 1728 | Stanisław Chometowski | ||
| 1628 | 1636 | vacant | ||
| 1736 | 1752 | Jan Klemens Branicki | ||
| 1752 | 1773 | Wacław Rzewuski | ||
| 1774 | 1774 | Franciszek Ksawery Branicki | ||
| 1774 | 1794 | 1497 | 1500 | Konstanty Ostrogski |
| 1500 | 1501 | Semen Jurewicz | ||
| 1501 | 1502 | Stanisław Janowicz Kieżgajło | ||
| 1503 | 1507 | Stanisław Piotrowicz Kiszka | ||
| 1507 | 1530 | Konstanty Ostrogski | ||
| 1530 | 1531 | vacant | ||
| 1531 | 1541 | Jerzy Radziwiłł | ||
| 1541 | 1553 | vacant | ||
| 1553 | 1566 | Mikołaj Radziwiłł | ||
| 1566 | 1572 | Jeremi Chodkiewicz | ||
| 1572 | 1576 | vacant | ||
| 1576 | 1584 | Mikołaj Radziwiłł | ||
| 1584 | 1589 | vacant | ||
| 1589 | 1603 | Krzysztof Radziwiłł | ||
| 1605 | 1621 | Jan Karol Chodkiewicz | ||
| 1621 | 1625 | vacant | ||
| 1625 | 1633 | Lew Sapieha | ||
| 1633 | 1635 | vacant | ||
| 1535 | 1640 | Krzysztof Radziwiłł II | ||
| 1640 | 1646 | vacant | ||
| 1646 | 1654 | Janusz Kiszka | ||
| 1654 | 1655 | Janusz Radziwiłł | ||
| 1656 | 1665 | Jan Paweł Sapieha | ||
| 1665 | 1667 | vacant | ||
| 1667 | 1682 | Michał Kazimierz Pac | ||
| 1682 | 1703 | vacant | ||
| 1703 | 1707 | Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki | ||
| 1707 | 1708 | Kazimierz Jan Sapieha | ||
| 1708 | 1709 | Jan Sapieha | ||
| 1709 | 1709 | Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński | ||
| 1709 | 1730 | Ludwik Pociej | ||
| 1730 | 1735 | vacant | ||
| 1735 | 1744 | Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki | ||
| 1744 | 1762 | Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł | ||
| 1762 | 1768 | Michał Massalski | ||
| 1768 | 1793 | Michał Kazimierz Ogiński | ||
| 1793 | 1794 | 1521 | 1531 | Jerzy Radziwiłł |
| 1531 | 1536 | vacant | ||
| 1536 | 1541 | Andrzej Niemirowicz | ||
| 1541 | 1561 | vacant | ||
| 1561 | 1566 | Jeremi Chodkiewicz | ||
| 1566 | 1567 | vacant | ||
| 1567 | 1571 | Roman Sanguszko | ||
| 1571 | 1572 | vacant | ||
| 1572 | 1589 | Krzysztof Mikołaj Radziwiłł | ||
| 1589 | 1600 | vacant | ||
| 1600 | 1605 | Jan Karol Chodkiewicz | ||
| 1605 | 1615 | vacant | ||
| 1615 | 1635 | Krzysztof Radziwiłł II | ||
| 1635 | 1646 | Jan Kiszka | ||
| 1646 | 1654 | Janusz Radziwiłł | ||
| 1654 | 1662 | Wincenty Gosiewski | ||
| 1663 | 1667 | Michał Pac | ||
| 1667 | 1668 | Władysław Wołłowicz | ||
| 1668 | 1680 | Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł | ||
| 1680 | 1682 | Kazimierz Sapieha | ||
| 1682 | 1684 | Jan Samuelewicz Ogiński | ||
| 1684 | 1685 | vacant | ||
| 1685 | 1701 | Józef Bogusław Słuszka | ||
| 1702 | 1703 | Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki | ||
| 1703 | 1709 | Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński | ||
| 1707 | 1709 | Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki | ||
| 1709 | 1709 | Ludwik Pociej | ||
| 1709 | 1728 | Stanisław Doenhoff | ||
| 1728 | 1735 | vacant | ||
| 1735 | 1744 | Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł | ||
| 1744 | 1762 | Michał Józef Massalski | ||
| 1762 | 1775 | Aleksander Michał Sapieha | ||
| 1775 | 1780 | Józef Sosnowski | ||
| 1780 | 1791 | Ludwik Tyszkiewicz | ||
| 1791 | 1792 | vacant | ||
| 1792 | 1793 | Szymon Marcin Kossakowski | ||
| 1793 | 1794 | Józef Zabiełło | ||
At the end of 16th century commander of the Cossacks were also called Hetmans (or atamans). From 1648 Bohdan Khmelnytsky uprising, Hetman was the head of the Cossack state. Cossack hetmans had very broad powers and acted as heads of the Cossack state, their supreme military commanders, the top legislators (by issuing administrative decrees).
After the split of the Ukraine along the Dnieper River by the Polish-Russian Treaty of Andrusovo 1667, Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack Hetmans) are known as Left-bank Cossacks and Right-bank Cossacks.
In Russia, the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764.
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