Gujarati language
Gujarati (also sometimes Gujerati) is a language native to the state of Gujarat in western India. It is an Indo-European language, of the Indo-Aryan family, spoken by about 46 million people worldwide, making it the 23rd most spoken language in the world. Of these, roughly 45.5 million reside in India, 150,000 in Uganda, 250,000 in Tanzania, 50,000 in Kenya and roughly 100,000 in Pakistan. A considerable population of Gujarati speakers exists in North America and the United Kingdom as well. In the United Kingdom, Leicester (Midlands) and Wembley (North London) are two areas popular with Gujaratis.
History
The history of the language can be traced back to 12th c. CE. A formal
grammar of the precursor of this language was written by Jain monk
and eminent scholar Hemachandra-charya in the reign of Rajput king
Siddharaj Jayasinh of Patan. This was called Apabhransa grammar, signifying
a language which is a corrupted form of languages like Sanskrit and
Ardha-magadhi. The earliest literature in the language survives in oral
tradition and can be traced to two stalwarts, the Krishna devotee and
great egalitarian Narasinh Mehta (later a source of inspiration to
Mahatma Gandhi) dated to be in the 17th century. The story of
Narasinh Mehta himself was composed as a long narrative ballad by
Premananda, accorded the title "maha-kavi" or great poet by modern
historians of the language. His date is perhaps late 17th century.
Other than this a large number of poets flourished during what is
now characterised as the bhakti or devotional movement in
Hinduism, a movement of the masses to liberate the religion from
entrenched priesthood.
Premananda was a "vyakhyan-kar", a traveling story teller, who
narrated his subject in song form and then perhaps elaborated
on the lines in prose. His style was so fluent that the long
poems running into hundreds of lines were memorised by the people
and are still sung during the morning routines.
In this sense the oral tradition of the much more ancient Vedas
was clearly continuing in India till late. Premananda's famous
poetry-stories deal with epic themes couched in stories of
mythical kings, and the puranas. He also wrote a drama based on
Narasinh Mehta's life capturing his simplicity and his disregard
for worldly divisions of caste and class.
Modern exploration into Gujarat and its language is credited to
British administrator Alexander Kinloch Forbes. During the nineteenth century at a time when the British rule was more consolidatory and progressive
this gentleman explored much of the previous thousand years of
the history of the land and compiled a large number of manuscripts.
The learned body devoted to Gujarati language is named after him,
Farbas Gujarati Sabha with headquarters in Mumbai.
Classification
Gujarati is a language belonging to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European languages.
Geographic distribution
Official Status
It is officially recognized in the state of Gujarat, India.
Dialects
As with most languages, there are regional dialects which differ in some minor regard.
Some of them are listed below along with subdivisions.
- Standard Gujarati
- Saurashtra Standard
- Nagari
- Bombay Gujarati
- Patnuli
- Gamadia
- Gramya
- Surati
- Anawla
- Brathela
- Eastern Broach Gujarati
- Charotari
- Patidari
- Vadodari
- Ahmedabad Gamadia
- Patani
- Kathiyawadi
- Jhalawadi
- Sorathi
- Holadi
- Gohilwadi
- Bhavnagari
Derived Languages
Sounds
Grammar
Vocabulary
The Gujarati spoken today takes considerable vocabulary from
Persian due to the more than five centuries of the rule of Sultan
kings who were Muslim.
These words occur mostly in reference to worldly and secular
matters. The other elements of the language however draw quite
a lot on the native tribes of the specific region, as listed above
under Dialects.
Writing system
It is written in Gujarati script, an abugida very similar to Devanagari (the script used for Sanskrit and Hindi), but without the line at the top of the letters.
