Goguryeo
Goguryeo (Chinese Name: Gāogōulí) (1st century BC-668) was a kingdom in southern Manchuria and northern Korea. It is often referred to as one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Baekje and Silla.
It has also been recently referred to as a Chinese kingdom (see "Modern politics", below). The dispute over whether the kingdom was Korean or Chinese has caused a small amount of political tension between the Korea and the People's Republic of China, although all of the governments involved seem determined to limit the impact of this argument on what is generally friendly relations.
The modern name "Korea" derives from the medieval Korean kingdom of Goryeo, which in turn took its name from a contracted form of "Goguryeo."
History
According to Samguk Sagi, King Jumong (posthumously called King Dongmyeongseong) founded the kingdom in 37 BC around what is now the border between China and North Korea.
It gained power while China was fragmented.
The maximum extent of the kingdom was reached during the reigns of King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son King Jangsu. During this period they ruled half of Korean peninsula and most of Manchuria. It was overthrown by an alliance of Silla and Chinese Tang Empire in 668. The southernmost part of Goguryeo was seized by Silla, the northwestern part was by Tang, and the rest was succeeded by Bohai.
Bohai, established in 698 claimed it as successor of Goguryeo in her diplomatic negotiations with Japan. Taebong, initially called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo"), claimed her succession of Goguryeo and so did Goryeo, which was even named after Goguryeo.
Culture
Remains of castles, palaces and several artifacts including tomb paintings have been found in North Korea. Some ruins are also still visible in Manchuria, for example at Onyeosan ("Five Maiden Peaks") near Ji'an (集安) in northeastern China, thought to be the site of the first city of Goguryeo. Some cultural heritage still remain in modern Korean culture, for example, Ondol, Goguryeo's indigenous heating system. It has since been improved and can be found beneath floor of every modern house in Korea.
Language
The Goguryeo language is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggests that it was significantly different from the language of Silla or Tungusic languages. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla. Chinese record suggest that the languages of Goguryeo and Fuyu (Buyeo), East Okjeo, and Old Joseon (Go-Joseon) were similar, while Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal (Mohe). Similarities in certain vocabulary with Old Japanese have been noted as well. Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th-late 14th centuries) but most were replaced by Silla-originated ones before long. Some linguists propose the so-called "Fuyu languages" that included the languages of Fuyu, Goguryeo, and the upper class of Baekje, and Old Japanese. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classifies the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family.
Modern politics
Koreans have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a Korean state, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Chinese have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a foreign state that was part of the China-centred tribute system. Then, in accordance with a more inclusive view of the modern People's Republic of China as a multi-ethnic nation state, the concept of Chinese history was expanded to encompass all states that developed principally in the current territory of China. The accepted position among Chinese historians therefore became that the history of Goguryeo before the capital was transfered to Pyongyang in the Korean Peninsula was to be considered part of Chinese history.
Some have interpreted Chinese position in the 1990s as implying that Goguryeo was to be treated as a regional power of China as well as interpreting efforts by Chinese scholars to describe the history of Goguryeo as part of Chinese history to de-emphasise or deny Korea's claim to the kingdom's legacy. The Chinese government launched a 20-billion-yuan (2.4 billion US dollars) project dealing with China's Northeast in 2002 whose aims have been interpreted by some as treating Goguryeo as a local government within China, rewriting history textbooks and restoring important Goguryeo sites in China. This was followed by protests from scholars from Korea, Japan, and Russia. As of 2004 this was threatening to lead to diplomatic disputes between China and South Korea and was contributing to some anti-Chinese sentiment in the latter. As such, the subject of Goguryeo history now overlaps somewhat with political disputes, although all of the governments involved seem to exhibit no desire to see the issue damage relations. The existence of a sizeable ethnic Korean minority in the former Goguryeo territories in China, the issue of political influence over North Korea in the case of a collapse of the regime, and some nervousness over the rapidly increasing power of China add to the fuel of the dispute.
Sovereigns of Goguryeo
The names of the rulers of Goguryeo are given first in their Korean pronunciation, and then in their Mandarin Chinese pronunciation.
Korean Pronunciation
- King Dongmyeong (37 BC-19 BC)
- King Yuri (19 BC-AD 18)
- King Daemusin (18-44)
- King Minjung (44-48)
- King Mobon (48-53)
- King Gukjo (53-146)
- King Chadae (146-165)
- King Sindae (165-179)
- King Gogukcheon (179-197)
- King Sansang (197-227)
- King Dongcheon (227-247)
- King Jungcheon (247-270)
- King Seocheon (270-292)
- King Bongsang (292-300)
- King Micheon (300-330)
- King Gogugwon (331-371)
- King Sosurim (371-384)
- King Gogugyang (384-391)
- King Gwanggaeto the Great (391-413)
- King Jangsu (413-490)
- King Munjamyeong (491-519)
- King Anjang (519-531)
- King Anwon (531-545)
- King Yangwon (545-559)
- King Pyeongwon (559-590)
- King Yeongyang (590-618)
- King Yeongnyu (618-641)
- King Bojang (642-668)
Mandarin Pronunciation
Sovereigns of Goguryeo (Gaogouli) 1st century BC-668
| Legendary line |
|---|
Samguk Sagi
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) |
Personal Names |
| 東明聖王|dong1 ming2 sheng4 wang2 |
Gao Zhumeng|高朱蒙 gao1 zhu1 meng2
Zhumeng|朱蒙 zhu1 meng2
Zou?|鄒? zou1 ?
Xiang|象解 xiang4 jie3 |
琉璃王|liu2 li2 wang2
琉璃明王|liu2 li2 ming2 wang2 |
Leili|類利 lei4 li4
Ruliu|孺留 ru2 liu2 |
大武神王|da4 wu3 shen2 wang2
大解朱留王|da4 jie3 zhu1 liu2 wang2 |
Wuxu|無恤 wu2 xu4 |
| 閔中王|min3 zhong1 wang2 |
Jiesezhu|解色朱 jie3 se4 zhu1 |
| 慕本王|mu4 ben3 wang2 |
Jieyou|解憂 jie3 you1
Jieailü|解愛婁 jie3 ai4 lü3 |
|
Weishu
| Personal Names |
| Zhumeng|朱蒙 zhu1 meng2(zu mong) |
| Lüda|閭達|lü2 da2 |
| *Shilüxie|始閭諧 shi3 lü2 xie2 |
| Ruli|如栗 ru2 li4 |
| Molai|莫來 mo4 lai2 |
Monument
| Personal Names |
| Zoumou|鄒牟 zou1 mou2 |
| Ruliu|儒留 ru2 liu2 |
| Dazhuliu|大朱留 da4 zhu1 liu2 |
|
| Great king line |
|---|
Samguk Sagi
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) |
Personal Names |
大祖王|da4 zu3 wang2
大祖大王|da4 zu3 da4 wang2
國祖王|guo2 zu3 wang2 |
Gong|宮 gong1
Yushu|於漱 yu2 shu4 |
| 次大王|zi1 da4 wang2 |
Suicheng|遂成 sui4 cheng2 |
| 新大王|xin1 da4 wang2 |
Bogu|伯固 bo2 gu4
Boju|伯句 bo2 ju4 |
|
Houhanshu, etc
| Personal Names |
| Gong|宮 gong1 |
| Suicheng|遂成 sui4 cheng2 |
| Bogu|伯固 bo2 gu4 |
|
| Wandu-Guonei line |
|---|
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) |
Personal Names |
Period of Reigns |
故國川王|gu4 guo2 chuan1 wang2
國襄王|guo2 xiang1 wang2 |
Nanwu|男武 nan2 wu3
Yiyimo|伊夷謨 yi1 yi2 mo2 |
179-197 |
| 山上王|shan1 shang4 wang2 |
Tingyou|廷優 ting2 you1
Weigong|位宮 wei4 gong1 |
197-227 |
東川王|dong1 chuan1 wang2
東襄王|dong1 xiang1 wang2 |
Youweiju|憂位居 you1 wei4 ju1
Jiaozhi|郊彘 jiao1 zhi4 |
227-248 |
中川王|zhong1 chuan1 wang2
中襄王|zhong1 xiang1 wang2 |
Ranfu|然弗 ran2 fu2 |
227-248 |
西川王|xi1 chuan1 wang2
西襄王|xi1 xiang1 wang2 |
Yaolu|藥盧 yao42 lu2
Rouyou|若友 rou4 you3 |
248-270 |
烽上王|feng1 shang4 wang2
鴙葛王|zhi4 ge3 wang2 |
Xiangfu|相夫 xiang1 fu2
Chashilü|插矢婁 cha1 shi3 lü3 |
292-300 |
美川王|mei3 chuan1 wang2
好攘王|hao3 rang3 wang2 |
Yifu|乙弗 yi3 fu2
Youfu|憂拂 you1 fu2 |
300-331 |
故國原王|gu4 guo2 yuan2 wang2
國岡上王|guo2 gang1 shang4 wang2 |
Siyou|斯由 si1 you2
Liu|劉 liu2 |
331-371 |
小獸林王|xiao3 shou4 lin2 wang2
小解朱留王|xiao3 jie3 zhu1 liu2 wang2 |
Qiufu|丘夫 qiu1 fu1 |
371-384 |
| 故國攘王|gu4 guo2 rang2 wang2 |
Yilian|伊連 yi1 lian2
Yuzhizhi|於只支 yu2 zhi3 zhi1 |
384-391 |
| 廣開土王|guang3 kai1 tu3 wang2 |
Tande|談德 tan2 de2
An|安 an1 |
391-412 |
|
| P'yŏngyang line |
|---|
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) |
Personal Names |
Period of Reigns |
| 長壽王|chang2 shou4 wang2 |
Julian|巨連 ju4 lian2
Gao Lian|高璉 gao1 lian2 |
412-491 |
文咨王|wen2 zi1 wang2
文咨明王|wen2 zi1 ming2 wang2
明治好王|ming2 zhi4 hao3 wang2 |
Luoyun|羅雲 luo2 yun2
Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 |
491-519 |
| 安藏王|an1 zang4 wang2 |
Xingan|興安 xing1 an1
Gao An|高安 gao1 an1 |
519-531 |
| 安原王|an1 yuan2 wang2 |
Baoting|寶廷 bao3 ting2
Gao Ting|高廷 gao1 ting2 |
531-545 |
陽原王|yang2 yuan2 wang2
陽崗上好王|yang2 gang1 shang4 hao3 wang2 |
Pingcheng|平成 ping2 cheng2 |
545-559 |
平原王|ping2 yuan2 wang2
平崗上好王|ping2 gang1 shang4 hao3 wang2
平崗上王|ping2 gang1 shang4 wang2
狛鵠香岡上王|po4 ge2 xiang1 gang1 shang4 wang2 |
Yangcheng|陽成 yang2 cheng2
Tang|湯 tang1
Gao Yang|高陽 gao1 yang2 |
559-590 |
嬰陽王|ying1 yang2 wang2
平陽王|ping2 yang2 wang2 |
Gao Yuan|高元 gao1 yuan2
Dayuan|大元 da4 yuan2 |
590-618 |
建武王|jian4 wu3 wang2
營留王|ying2 liu2 wang2 |
Gao Jianwu|高建武 gao1 jian4 wu3
Cheng|成 cheng2
Gao Wu|高武 gao1 wu3 |
618-642 |
| 寶藏王|bao3 zang4 wang2 |
Gao Zang|高藏 gao1 zang4
Baozang|寶藏 bao3 zang4 |
642-668 |
|
|
Notes
- The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early 5th century when King Changshou built a monument for his father and Goguryeo made contacts with Northern Wei.
- The great king line with the following two kings was formed on the basis of Chinese documents like Houhanshu. It contains contradictions and mismatches.
- The royal surname Go/Gao (高) seems to have been adopted in the early 5th century when King Guangkaitu was acknowledged as a member of the Northern Yan imperial family by Gao Yun (高雲 or Murong Yun 慕容雲), Emperor of Northern Yan, whose grandfather He (和) was in line of the Gaogouli royal family. According to Jinshu, Gao Yun took the surname Gao from Gaoyang (高陽氏 or Zhuan Xu, one of Sanhuangwudi) but it is doubtful. Later history books say that Go/Gao was named after the country name Goguryeo/Gaogouli.
See also
