Giulio Romano
Giulio Romano (ca 1499? – November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter, architect, painter and decorator, the favorite pupil of Raphael, whose legacy Giulio Romano extended, and at the same time one of the inventors of 16th century Mannerism. Giulio's drawings have always been treasured by collectors, and the contemporary engravings after his drawings and paintings by Marcantonio Raimondi and others helped spread 16th century Italian style throughout Europe.
In Rome, as a young assistant in Raphael's studio, Giulio executed most of the frescoes in the Vatican loggias (from designs by Raphael) and in Raphael's Stanze of the Vatican a group of figures in the "Fire in the Borgo" fresco, and also collaborated on the decoration of the ceiling of the Villa Farnesina.
After the death of Raphael in 1520, he honorably completed the frescoes of the life of Constantine in the Vatican as well as Raphael's Coronation of the Virgin and the Transfiguration in the Vatican. In Rome, Giulio designed the Villa Madama for Cardinal Giuliano de' Medici, afterwards Clement VII.
With the death of Leo X, art patronage in Rome dried up for a time. Vasari tells how Baldassare Castiglione was delegated by Federico Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, to procure Giulio's services, for whom he executed paintings and architectural and engineering projects, most famously the Palazzo del Te, just outside the city, with its famous illusionistic frescos (ca 1525 - 1535). He also rebuilt the ducal palace in Mantua, reconstructed the cathedral, and designed the nearby Church of San Benedetto. Sections of Mantua that had been flood-prone were handsomely rebuilt under Giulio's direction, and the duke's patronage and friendship never faltered: Giulio's annual income from the duke amounted to more than 1000 ducats. Around him and his studio was established a school of art.
In Renaissance tradition, many works of Giulio's were only temporary:
- "When Charles V came to Mantua, Giulio, by the duke's order, [Giulio] made many fine arches, scenes for comedies and other things,in which he had no peer, no one being !ike him for masquerades, and making curious costumes for jousts, feasts, tournaments, which excited great wonder in the emperor and in all present. For the city of Mantua at various times he designed temples, chapels, houses, gardens, facades, and was so fond of decorating them that, by his industry, he rendered dry, healthy and pleasant places previously miry, full of stagnant water,and almost uninhabitable."
- — Vasari, Vita
Giulio Romano also designed tapestries and drew some of the most beautiful pornography ever known, which was expertly engraved by Raimondi, a project that landed Giulio in jail in Rome.
In 1546, just as he was appointed architect to St. Peter's, Giulio Romano died.
Well-known paintings:
- The Stoning of St. Stephen (Santo Stefano, Genoa): "Giulio never did a finer work than this," said Vasari. Domenico del Barbiere engraved the subject, so that it influenced designers who never saw the original in Genoa.
- Adoration of the Magi (Louvre).
