German reunification
German reunification, or Wiedervereinigung, refers to the reunification of West Germany and the former German Democratic Republic (the historical Middle Germany, Mitteldeutschland) under a single government. An agreement was reached for a two-stage plan to reunite those part of Germany on February 13, 1990. This agreement was implemented through the so-called "Two Plus Four Treaty" ," signed on October 3, 1990 by the four occupying powers: the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France, as well as by the Federal Republic of Germany (formerly West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (formerly East Germany). This also extended the area and population of the European Union.
Background
After the end of World War II, Germany was divided into four occupation zones with areas east of the Oder-Neisse line placed under Polish administration. Although the intent was for the four occupation zones to be temporary, the Cold War began, entrenching the temporary governments, and in 1949, the western three zones formed the Federal Republic of Germany while the eastern Russian zone formed the German Democratic Republic. The old capital of Berlin, although in the eastern zone, was itself subdivided into four occupation zones, and as relationships cooled the western portion of the city was surrounded by the Berlin Wall in 1961.
The first proposal for German reunification was advanced by the Russians in 1952 under terms similar to those adopted for Austria. It called for the creation of a neutral Germany with an eastern border on the Oder-Neisse and all allied troops removed within the year. The West German government under Konrad Adenauer favored closer integration with western Europe and asked that the reunification be negotiated with the provision that there be
internationally monitored elections throughout Germany. This condition was rejected by the Soviets.
(1960s Hallstein Doctrine)
(1970s Ostpolitik)
The End of the Division
By the mid-1980s, the prospect of German reunification was widely regarded within both Germanies as a distant hope, unattainable as long as communists ruled Eastern Europe. This hope was suddenly placed within reach by political changes within the Soviet Union.
In August 1989, Hungary removed its border restrictions with Austria and in September more than 13,000 East Germans escaped to the West through Hungary. Mass demonstrations against the East Germany regime began in late 1989, most prominently the Monday demonstrations in Leipzig. Erich Honecker resigned in October, 1989. The travel restrictions for East Germans were removed by the new government on November 9, 1989, and many people immediately went to the Wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through.
Germany was officially reunified on October 3, 1990, when the five reestablished German states (Bundesländer) of Eastern Germany formally joined the Federal Republic of Germany (Western Germany).
The cost of reunification has been a heavy burden to the German economy, and has contributed to Germany's inability today to be the locomotive of the European economy that she was in the past. The costs amounts to over 1.5 trillion Euro (1500 billion Euro/ca. 1835 billion US$). Following reunification, Germany followed the social policies of Geschichtsaufarbeitung (working through history) and Vergangenheitsbewältigung (mastering the past) to deal with their violent history.
The former Communist party of East Germany (SED) is still an important, though diminishing, force in those territories with the name of Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS).
