French Civil Service

The French Civil Service (fonction publique) is the set of civil servants (fonctionnaires) working for the French government.

Not all employees of the state and public institutions or corporations are civil servants; however, the media often incorrectly equates "government employee" or "employee of a public corporation" with fonctionnaire. For instance, most employees of RATP and SNCF are not civil servants. The Civil Service is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as the administration, but, properly said, the administration is the compound of public administrations and public administrative establishments, not their employees.

About half of the civil servants are employed in the public education system.

Divisions

The Civil Service is divided into:

• the civil service of the State (fonction publique de l'État, see );
• the judiciary (magistrature) (see );
• the civil service of public hospitals (fonction publique hospitalière, see );
• the civil service of local governments (fonction publique territoriale, see ).

Technically, fonction publique may also refer to fonction publique militaire, the personnel of military status. They are generally counted apart. There also exist ouvriers d'État - that is, State Workers - for industrial functions.

Corps and ranks

Civil servants are divided into corps, which may themselves be divided into engineers, generally recruited through École Polytechnique (also through the écoles normales supérieures). In practice, they are more likely to be employed in executive positions than in purely technical positions.

• • Corps of Mines
  • Corps of Roads and Bridges
  • also Corps of Telecommunications
• Great administrative corps of the State, generally recruited through the École Nationale d'Administration
  • Conseil d'État
  • Court of Auditors
  • police or the judiciary to live with a delinquent partner or a prostitute. Appreciation of what is appropriate or not is largely a matter of jurisprudence.

Reserve

A civil servant should not, by his actions and especially by his declarations, cause harm to institutions. Appreciation of what is appropriate or not is largely a matter of jurisprudence.

Generally speaking, a civil servant should always refrain from enunciating personal opinions in a manner that can be construed as expressing the official opinion of the French government or a public institution. Obviously, this is more of a matter for the higher managerial positions. Agents operating abroad should be especially prudent. For instance, an ambassador should refrain from making any private comment on international issues.

The academic freedom of university professors is a fundamental principle recognized by the laws of the Republic, as defined by the Constitutional Council; furthermore, statute law declares about higher education that teachers-researchers [university professors and assistant professors], researchers and teachers are fully independent and enjoy full freedom of speech in the course of their research and teaching activities, provided they respect, following university traditions and the dispositions of this code, principles of tolerance and objectivity ().

Hierarchical obedience

A civil servant must accomplish the orders given by his hierarchical supervisor, unless those orders are evidently illegal and contrary to public interest.

While the hierarchical authority is normally responsible for assigning civil servants to positions and evaluating their work, certain corps of civil servants follow specific rules regarding the management, evaluation and discipline of their members. For instance, professors and researchers are evaluated by elected committees of their peers.

Professional discretion

Civil servants must not reveal private or secret information that they have gained in the course of their duties.

Honesty

Civil servants must not use the means at his professional disposal for private gain.

Neutrality

Civil servant must be neutral with respect to the religious or political opinions, origin, or sex, and should refrain from expressing their own opinions.

Recruitment and career

As an exception to the general rules concerning workers, civil servants do not sign contracts; their situation is defined by statutory and regulatory dispositions, most notably the (Statut Général des Fonctionnaires).

The general rule is that civil servants are recruited through diplomas and age;

• internal, reserved to civil servants in certain positions;
• external, reserved to competitors having certain professional experience and age.

The most common method is to organize written and/or oral exams in subjects pertaining to the tasks to be accomplished. For certain positions, such as professorships in universities, the exam, organized locally for each position or each set of similar positions, consists in the submission of a file listing the professional qualifications and experience of the candidate, followed by an interview. In all cases, a committee ranks candidates by order of preference; the positions are filled by the candidates accepting them called in that order of preference. For some top managerial positions, nominations are at the discretion of the executive.

High lever nominations are made by the President of the Republic in the council of ministers. The rest are by the head of the agency they belong to, or by a minister; in fact, they are in general appointed by some person who has received from the head of agency or minister the authority to do so.

Statistics

On December 31, 1999, give for the state civil service:

Ministries	Civil servants	Ouvriers d'État	Other civilian employees	Military personnel	Total
Foreign affairs	7 159	150	6 767	974	15 050
Agriculture	29 724	34	8 316	23	38 097
Veteran affairs	1 934	76	337	20	2 367
Cooperation with foreign countries	1 851		1 660	585	4 096
Culture	12 212		2 532		14 744
Defense	33 324	49 763	7 979	318 057	409 123
Economy, finances and industry	187 728	739	16 005	348	204 820
National education	942 651		96 487	4	1 039 142
Employment and solidarity	22 928		7 158	22	30 108
Higher education	117 411	8	17 088		134 507
Equipment, housing, transportation	95 797	9 508	11 359	547	117 211
Interior (including police)	161 978	1 593	20 410 (1)	34	184 015
Youth and sports	6 411		4 093		10 504
Justice	61 232		4 764	2	65 998
Overseas affairs	2 171		468	865	3 504
Research	20		9 041		9 061
Services of the prime minister	1 367	666	1 127		3 160
Total	1 685 898	62 537	215 591	321 481	2 285 507

(1) Including 12,000 young employees on limited time contracts.