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A flip-flop is a term, used mostly in the United States, to refer to a sudden real or apparent change of policy or opinion. Usually it will occur during the period prior to an election in order to maximize the candidate's popularity.
Example: "Candidate A, after finding out that weapons of mass destruction may be found in Iraq, quickly changed his stance in order to keep Candidate B from using his previous stance against him."
Example 2: "During his previous campaign, Candidate B promised to regulate the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide as a pollutant, but declined to do so after taking office. Candidate A could now cite this as a flip-flop."
The term U-turn is preferred in the UK.
See also: Election promise