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The Earth immune system is a theoretical system, a possible consequence of the Gaia hypothesis. The Gaia hypothesis holds that the entire earth may be considered a single organism (Gaia). As a self-maintaining organism, Earth would naturally possesses an immune system of some sort in order to maintain its health.
Some proponents of this theory, for example, hold that humankind can be considered an "infection" of Gaia, and that AIDS is a attempt by this immune system to reject the infection. "Cancer" might be a more accurate term, as humans evolved within Gaia, and are not external invaders. In any case, this view is somewhat controversial because it objectifies human lives.