Dutch grammar

This page will attempt to outline the grammar of Dutch.

Word Order

Structurally, Dutch is an SOV language, meaning that the unmarked word order is subject - object - verb. Furthermore, Dutch main clauses show V2 (Verb Second) language, which means that the inflected verb is raised to the second position in the clause.

Cf.

• Jan vertelde dat hij zijn moeder wilde gaan helpen

John told that he his mother wanted go help "John told that he wanted to go help his mother."

Changes in word order are used in interrogative sentences ("Ging je naar de winkel?", "Did you go to the store?"), changes from active to passive voice ("De auto werd door Jan gekocht", "The car was bought by John"), and lexical or grammatical emphasis (topicalization). Teachers like to make sentences like 'Door Jan werd de auto gekocht' to trick students into thinking Jan is the subject.

Here are some rules about where to place the words in a Dutch sentence:

• Adjectives always come before the noun to which they belong.
  Rode appels - red apples

• In statements, the subject always comes first or third and the auxiliary verb comes second. If there is no auxiliary verb, the main verb comes second. If there is a separable prefix, the prefix goes on the end of the sentence, as does the main verb (with separable prefix on the beginning of the verb) if there is an auxiliary verb.

• In yes/no questions, the verb usually comes first and the subject comes second. If there is an auxiliary verb or separable prefix, it follows the same rules as the previous one outlined for putting parts on the end. If the subject comes before the verb, this often implies disbelief, like in English: "The prisoner escaped?" vs. "Did the prisoner escape?".

• In a command, the verb comes first, followed by 'we' if taking to a group with the speaker included, followed by the modifiers and the rest of the sentence.

• The time aspect usually comes before the place aspect.

Nouns

In Dutch, nouns generally describe persons, places, things, and abstract ideas, and are treated as grammatically distinct from verbs.

In Dutch there are three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Every noun is associated with one gender, and the gender must be learned when learning the noun. Nouns are also marked for number, size and definiteness.

Definite article

When you want to refer to one particular person or item, you use the definite article de for masculine-feminine words and het or "'t" for neuter words.

• de man - the man

• de vrouw - the woman

• het / 't huis - the house

In plural always de is used.

• de mannen - the men

• de vrouwen - the women

• de huizen - the houses

Indefinite article

• een / 'n huis - a house

• huizen - houses

Pronouns

On the other hand, Dutch preserves relics of the old Germanic noun case system in its pronouns. The full set of cases are listed below; note that there is no distinction in number for the second person pronoun.

Person:	1st singular	3rd singular	1st plural	3rd plural	2nd	interrogative
Nominative	ik	hij, ie3, ze, zij, het, 't	we	ze, zij	jullie	wie
Accusative	me, mij	hem, 'm, haar, d'r3, het, 't	ons	hen4	jij	wie
Genitive	mijn	zijn, z'n, haar, d'r3	ons, onze	hun	jouw, je	van wie, wiens1, wier1
Dative	mij, me	zijn, haar, het	ons	hun4	jou, je	wie, wien2

¹Formal language
²Obsolete
³Informal
⁴In spoken language and also quite often in written language, hun and hen are used interchangeably. The difference is artificial (hun and hen are in fact dialectal variants) and has been made by Renaissance grammarians with a Latin bias.

The genitive also applies to nouns:

Without an article, all nouns get -s, and the adjectives get -e for mascular and feminine. This is a very common construction.

With an article, things get a little different:

	Mascular	Feminine	Neuter determined	Neuter indetermined	Plural
Noun	des (noun)(e)s	der (noun)	des (noun)(e)s	ener (noun)(e)s	der (noun)
Adjective	(adjective)en	(adjective)er	(adjective)en	(adjective)	der (noun)

This construction sounds very official and formal (just like the -(e)r / -(e)s behind the pronouns) and therefore is only used in formal language (and when one wants to impress one with his knowledge of the Dutch language). This construction is used more: van de/het/een (noun), and van (pronoun). Inflection is then normal.