Church of Ukraine

The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC) is currently separated into three major jurisdictions:

• that body of Christians from Ukraine who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church (the "Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate" - UOC-MP).

• the Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP), under the leadership of Patriarch Filaret Denysenko, formerly of the Moscow Patriarchate.

• the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC), which re-established itself in Ukraine after independence from the Soviet Union, having survived in the diaspora after the Soviet government suppression following re-birth during the brief period of Ukrainian independence in the aftermath of World War I.

Currently, only the UOC-MP has canonical standing (legal recognition) in Orthodoxy world-wide: it also has the majority of Orthodox church buildings. The UOC-KP, on the other hand has attracted the allegiance of the largest number of Orthodox believers in Ukraine. Both the UOC-KP and the UAOC have strong support in the Ukrainian diaspora.

History

Christianity in Ukraine dates to the earliest centuries of the apostolic church. St. Andrew is thought to have preached on the southern borders of Ukraine, along the Black Sea, and may have travelled up the Dnipro River as far as Kyiv, according to some records, possibly legendary. A representative from southern Ukraine was present at the First Council of Nicaea (325). These churches, and the inland farther north, came under the control of the Goths, around this time, some of whom were Christians and seemed to have been Arians.

Some of the Slavic population of Kyiv and Western Ukraine under the rule of Great Moravia were Christians in the 9th century. Christianity became dominant in Ukraine, then called Rus' with the Baptism of Kyiv in the Dnipro River in 988. Early on, the Metropolitans had their seat in Pereyaslav, then Kyiv. The people of Rus'-Ukraine lost their Metropolitan to the predecessors of the first Russian state in 1299, but regained a Ukrainian Metropolitan in Halych in 1303. The area was also ruled in part by a Metropolitan in White Ruthenia Belarus (Novahrudak). In the 1400s, primacy over the Ukrainian church was restored to Kyiv, under the title, "Metropolitan of Kyiv-Halych and all Rus'". The church split in 1596 into Catholic and Orthodox branches (Union of Brest). In 1686, the Othodox Church of Kyiv and all Rus' was tranferred from the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople to the recently established Patriarch of Moscow, and a process of forced russification begun.

Distinguishing between church bodies

The current divided and fluid situation traces its roots to the gradual suppression of the distinctive Ukrainian Orthodox Church by Tsarist Russia after the transfer of the Church of Rus' proper from the Patriarch of Constantinople to the Patriarch of Moscow in 1686.

In 1921 a Sobor of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) in Kyiv ordained Metropolitan Wasyl Lupkivskyj as head of the UAOC. Autocephaly is the self-governing status of a particular national church that is recognized by other Orthodox jurisdictions. In wake of the break up of the Russian Empire some national groups also sought autonomy (Autonomous Orthodox church bodies are not the same as Autocephalic church bodies) from Moscow and a Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church was also founded around this time. The Soviet government persecuted these churches. The Russian Orthodox Church also prevented the UAOC from establishing their ecclesiastical order for some time. Between the wars these national churches were tolerated to some extent by the ROC; as the UAOC had entered into communion with Constantinople the Moscow Patriarchate was grudgingly obliged to acknowledge communion with the new Ukrainian autocephalic church.

On October 8, 1942 Archbishop Nikanor and Bishop Mstyslav (now Patriach) of the UAOC and Metropolitan Oleksiy (Hromadsky) of the Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church concluded an Act of Union uniting the two nationalist churches at the Pochaev Lavra (monastery). Nazi occupation authorities and pro-Russian hierarchs of the Autonomous Church forced Metropolitan Oleksiy to remove his signature. Metropolitan Oleksiy was executed in Volynia on May 7, 1943.

The Russian Orthodox Church regained its general monopoly after World War II in the Ukrainian SSR. Most of the other churches were forced out as the Soviet government only recognized the Moscow Patriarchate, revived at the time of the Russian Revolution, as the only legitimate church in most of the Soviet Union. Many accused it of being a puppet of the Communist Party. After the suspicious death of Tikhon of Moscow these autocephalic churches sought to remain independent; something that Moscow tolerated until after World War Two when many Ukrainian Orthodox clergy not affiliated with Moscow fled to Germany or the United States. The UAOC and its church property in Ukraine was then liquidated by the Soviets with the assistance of the Patriarchate of Moscow that could legitimately lay claim to any Orthodox church property that was within territories where its jurisdiction was uncontested. Any UAOC hierarchs or clergy who remained in Ukraine and refused to join the Russian Church were executed or sent to concentration camps. In the next several years, similar actions were taken against the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Western Ukraine and Transcarpathia.