March 31
March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years). There are 275 days remaining.
Events
- 307 - After divorcing his wife Minerva, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian.
- 1774 - American Revolutionary War: The Kingdom of Great Britain orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed in the Boston Port Act.
- 1854 - Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.
- 1866 - Spanish Navy bombs the harbour of Valparaíso, Chile
- 1885 - The United Kingdom establishes a protectorate over Bechuanaland.
- 1889 - The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated.
- 1903 - Richard Pearse is reputed to have flown a heavier than air machine in powered flight near Pleasant Point, South Canterbury, New Zealand; some claim 1902
- 1906 - The Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (later National Collegiate Athletic Association) is established to set rules for amateur sports in the United States.
- 1909 - Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia-Herzegovina.
- 1917 - The United States takes possession of the U.S. Virgin Islands after paying $25 million to Denmark.
- 1918 - Daylight Savings Time goes into effect in the United States for the first time.
- 1930 - The Motion Pictures Production Code is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in motion pictures for the next forty years.
- 1931 - An earthquake destroys Managua Nicaragua killing 2,000.
- 1933 - The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission to relieve rampant unemployment.
- 1959 - The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, crosses the border into India and is granted political asylum.
- 1964 - The Dictatorship in Brazil, under the aegis of general Castello Branco, begins.
- 1966 - The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first spaceprobe to enter orbit around the Moon.
- 1967 - Jimi Hendrix burns his guitar for the first time at London's Astoria Theatre. He is sent to the hospital afterwards for burns on his hands.
- 1970 - Explorer 1 re-enters the Earth's atmosphere (after 12 years in orbit).
- 1986 - A Mexicana Boeing 727 enroute to Puerto Vallarta erupts in flames and crashes in the mountains northwest of Mexico City killing 166
- 1990 - Thunder Meets Lightning: Julio César Chávez defeats Meldrick Taylor to unify boxing's world junior welterweight title in a very controversial fight.
- 1991 - The Warsaw Pact comes to an end.
- 1992 - The television news program Dateline NBC premieres.
- 1993 - Actor Brandon Lee is accidentally killed during the filming of The Crow.
- 1994 - The journal Nature reports the finding in Ethiopia of the first complete Australopithecus afarensis skull (see Human evolution).
- 1998 - Netscape gives the code base of its browser under an open source license agreement, thus creating Mozilla, a non-lucrative organization in order to oversee the development.
Births
- 1499 - Pope Pius IV (d. 1565)
- 1504 - Guru Angad Dev, Second Guru of the Sikhs (d. 1552)
- 1519 - Henry II of France (d. 1559)
- 1596 - René Descartes, mathematician (d. 1650)
- 1675 - Pope Benedict XIV (d. 1758)
- 1732 - Joseph Haydn, composer (d. 1809)
- 1742 - P. D. Q. Bach, fictitious composer (d. 1807)
- 1809 - Nikolai Gogol, writer (d. 1852)
- 1809 - Edward FitzGerald, poet (d. 1883)
- 1811 - Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, chemist, inventor: Bunsen burner (d. 1899)
- 1878 - Jack Johnson, African-American boxer (d. 1946)
- 1885 - Pascin, the "Prince of Montparnasse" (d. 1930)
- 1900 - Richard Alexander Walter Windsor, Duke of Gloucester
- 1912 - Hermann Höcherl, politician (d. 1989)
- 1914 - Ocatvio Paz, author, Nobel Prize for Literature (d. 1998)
- 1922 - Richard Kiley, actor, singer (d. 1999)
- 1926 - John Fowles, author
- 1927 - César Chávez, labor activist (d. 1993)
- 1927 - William Daniels, actor
- 1928 - Gordie Howe, ice hockey player
- 1928 - Lefty Frizzell, country music performer
- 1934 - Shirley Jones, singer, actress
- 1935 - Richard Chamberlain, actor
- 1935 - Herb Alpert, musician
- 1939 - Zviad Gamsakhurdia, scientist and writer, first President of the Republic of Georgia (d. 1993)
- 1939 - Volker Schlöndorff, film director
- 1940 - Patrick Leahy, United States Senator from Vermont
- 1943 - Christopher Walken, actor
- 1948 - Al Gore, Former Vice President of the United States
- 1948 - Rhea Perlman, actress
- 1949 - Bethel Enproe Adam, second Angam Baby
- 1966 - Roger Black, British athlete
- 1971 - Ewan McGregor, actor
- 1971 - Pavel Bure, ice hockey player
- 1976 - Josh Saviano, actor (The Wonder Years)
Deaths
- 1783 - Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian statesman (b. 1718)
- 1837 - John Constable, painter (b. 1776)
- 1855 - Charlotte Brontë, author (b. 1816)
- 1880 - Henryk Wieniawski, composer
- 1912 - Karl May, author (b. 1842)
- 1913 - John Pierpont Morgan - US financier and banker (b. 1837)
- 1917 - Emil Adolf von Behring, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 (b. 1854)
- 1915 - Wyndham Halswelle, British runner
- 1931 - Knute Rockne, American football coach (b. 1888)
- 1945 - Anne Frank, whose world-famous diary was published after WW II (b. 1929)
- 1978 - Charles Best, medical scientist (b. 1899)
- 1980 - Jesse Owens, athlete (b. 1913)
- 1988 - William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
- 1993 - Brandon Lee, actor (b. 1965)
- 1995 - Selena, Tejano singer (b. 1971)
- 1998 - Bella Abzug, American politician (b. 1920)
Holidays and observances
March 30 - April 1 - February 28 (February 29) - April 30 -- listing of all days
