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This is an in-depth discussion of the rules of go (board game).
NB While the basic idea of go, conveyed by the outline rules given first, is not particularly complex, there are numerous subtle points which are not required study when first starting to play.
[The following is under construction.]
Rule: There are the two players, called Black and White.
Go is a game between two players.
Rule: Go is played on a board. The board is a grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines.
This is how the board looks like:
Beginners might prefer to play on a small board with 9 horizontal and 9 vertical lines (9 × 9 board). Thereby learning tactics is easier and one is not confused by the complex strategies on big boards.
After having gained some experience (having played, say, 100 games), one can switch to the regular 19x19 board. Some teachers recommend moving up to a 13 × 13 board as an intermediate step, and adequate for social players.
Definition: An intersection is a point on the grid where a horizontal line meets a vertical line.
There are 361 intersections on the regular 19 × 19 board. In the following diagram, the mark (red circle) indicates one of the 25 intersections of the small 5 × 5 board:
(To save space, most diagrams show small boards. Here we have a 5 × 5 board.)
Rule: There are black and white stones.
The player Black uses black stones, the player White uses white stones. There is an arbitrary number of stones, i.e. the supply is unlimited. The diagram shows some stones on some intersections of the board:
Rule: The players alternate. Black starts.
Before Black plays first, the board is empty:
Black makes a first play on one of the intersections:
Then White makes a second play somewhere:
The game will continue with Black and White alternating.
Rule: On his turn, a player makes either a play or a pass.
Normally, the player having the turn makes a play. The player may also make a pass instead.
Rule: When a player makes a play, he puts one stone of his colour on an empty intersection.
The following diagram shows how Black makes some play:
Definition: A group consists of one stone or of several stones that are of the same colour and mutually connected via lines of the grid.
This is a group of 6 black stones:
Definition: A liberty of a group is an empty intersection adjacent to it.
The marked intersections (red circles) are the liberties of the black group:
Rule: A play removes any opposing groups without liberty.
Before the play:
The play:
After the play:
In most cases, a play does not remove any group. In other cases, a play might also remove a bigger group, which consists of several stones. In yet other cases, a play might also remove two, three, or four opposing groups, if it takes away the last liberty of each of them.
Rule: A player's play, possibly after removing opposing groups, is prohibited if then one of his own groups is without any liberty.
[to be added: example with 1-stone suicide]
Note: Some Go rulesets treat a player's own group without liberty by removing it ("Suicide").
[to be added: link]
Rule: A play may not recreate the same distribution of black and white stones on the board.
[to be added: diagrams]
Note: Some Go rulesets use other rules to restrict repetition.
[to be added: link]
Rule: When a player makes a pass, he does nothing. Alternation continues with his opponent.
[to be added: diagram]
Rule: Alternate play ends when a player makes a pass and then his opponent immediately makes a pass.
[to be added: diagram]
Note: Some Go rulesets use other rules to end alternate play.
[to be added: link]
Rule: When alternate play has ended, the winner is [the player with more stones on the board.]
[to be added: diagrams]
Note: Some Go rulesets use other rules to define the winner.
[to be added: link]
[Under construction. Should be distributed to the subsections of the section Detailed Notes.]
A Go board (goban in Japanese; badukpan in Korean) is a grid with 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines, forming 361 intersections. For beginning players or short games, smaller boards of 13x13 or 9x9 intersections are sometimes used, without otherwise changing the rules.
Playing pieces consist of two sets of stones (go-ishi), one black set and one white set. The number of stones is indefinite (the rules assume an endless supply) but 181 black stones and 180 white stones are sufficient to cover the 361 intersections of the board, so these amounts are usually found in a full set.
Since the number of stones is large, they are stored in bowls (go-ke), one for each player; this usually has a lid which, upturned before play, is used to hold captured stones.
Go is a game for two players. One player uses the black stones, the other white. The board starts empty. Black moves first (this gives a slight advantage, so the weaker player traditionally plays Black; a handicap can be used to give Black several starting moves, see below). (In ancient China, it was White who moved first.)
The players alternate making moves. Making a move consists of putting a single stone on one of the intersections (the intersections at the edges and corners of the grid are part of the board and plays there are also valid). Once played, a stone does not move, and remains at the same point unless it is captured. A player is allowed to pass instead of making a move. A player may also resign on his move, conceding victory to the opponent.
Stones of the same color that are directly adjacent (along the lines of the board) are said to be connected into a string. Stones on the board have a certain number of adjacent empty intersections, called liberties. When a stone, or string of stones, has no remaining liberties, it is captured. The entire string is taken off the board, and added to the opponent's prisoner pile.
To prevent endlessly repeating positions, the rule of ko (a Japanese word for "eternity") prevents most plays that would repeat the previous board position.
This occurs most often when a stone has just been captured, and the stone which made the capture is left with only one remaining liberty. If recapturing that stone would recreate the same board position from the previous move, the position is called ko, and the recapturing move is illegal. The rule of ko states that a player may not recapture on their next move and must play elsewhere. After a new move, the board position will be different, and the stone may then be recaptured.
The rule of ko is applied frequently (in most games), and often has a major or even decisive effect on the result. It is possible, but much less common (by a factor of 1000 or more) for other kinds of repetition to occur. Tournament rules make provision for what happens in these cases.
If a stone is played such that it has no remaining liberties (or is part of a string with no remaining liberties) and does not gain liberties by immediately capturing an opponent's string, this is termed suicide since the stone, and any stones it was connected to, would be thus reduced to zero liberties and captured. Though it is usually a mere tactical blunder to do so, many rule sets prohibit a suicide play, making it an invalid move.
Note that suicide of a single stone (playing on an empty point completely surrounded by the opponent) would cause the board position to repeat, and would thus be invalid under the Ko rule even when using rules that permit suicide.
When both players have passed, the game has ended. Dead stones (those that remain on the board but cannot avoid capture) are now removed as if they were captured. Most rule sets allow disputes over the status of strings and loosely-connected groups of strings to be resolved simply by continuing play until both players are agreed. The Japanese rules, instead, have a long list of exceptions and precedents that are referred to in tournament play. Most players remain unaware of these complications in the Japanese rules for the vast majority of their games.
After dead stone removal, counting begins to determine which player is the winner with the greater share of the board. There are two methods of scoring. In the Japanese, or territory scoring method, each player scores the number of empty intersections he has enclosed, and subtracts the number of captures taken from him (this is done easily by placing the captures taken from a player into their empty intersections to reduce the score). In the Chinese, or area scoring method, captures are not scored, but a player scores for every intersection that he controls -- that is, all points where he has placed a stone or that are completely surrounded by his stones.
Whichever scoring method is used, the player with most points wins. In normal circumstances, the Chinese and Japanese scoring methods give the same winner.
If a player considers himself incapable of winning the game, he may resign. Unlike in most Western games, this resignation is not shameful, and, among Go players, is considered less shameful than continuing to play. This probably relates to differences in Western and Eastern mentality.
In addition to the standard 19 x 19 grid, Go can be played with a 13 x 13 or a 9 x 9 grid. The 9 x 9 grid is often used in teaching Go to new players because its smaller size allows players to analyze a microcosm without giving as much thought to the overall board situation.
To allow players of different skills to compete fairly, handicaps and komi are used. These are considered a part of the game and, unlike in many other games, they do not distort the nature of the game. Players at all levels employ handicaps to make the game more balanced.
In an "even", or non-handicap game, Black's initial advantage of moving first can be offset by komi (compensation points): a fixed number of points, agreed before the game, added to White's score at the end of the game. The correct value of komi (to properly compensate for Black's advantage) is controversial, but common values are 5.5, 6.5 or 7.5 -- the fractional value avoids a tied game. In a handicap game, komi is usually set to 0.5 (i.e. White wins if the game is tied). A handicap game with a handicap of 1 starts like an even game, but White receives only 0.5 komi (i.e. a White player who is stronger by one rank is handicapped only by Black's first-move advantage).
Handicaps are given by allowing the weaker player to take Black, and declaring White's first few moves as mandatory "pass" moves. In practice, this means that Black's first move is to place a set number of stones (usually the number is equal to the difference in the players' ranks) on the board before allowing White to play. Traditionally, the "star points" -- strategically-important intersections marked with small dots -- are used to place these handicap stones. On the 19x19 board, there are nine star points: at the four 4-4 points in the corners, at the four 4-10 points along the sides, and one at the 10-10 point (the centre of the board, or tengen in Japanese). Other board sizes do not necessarily have marked star points.
When Black is only one rank weaker (also known as one stone weaker, due to the close relationship between ranks and the handicap system) he is given the advantage of playing Black, but without any mandatory White passes. For rank differences from two through nine stones, the appropriate number of handicap stones are used. Beyond nine stones, the difference in strength between the players is usually considered great enough that the game is more a lesson, with White teaching Black, so nine stones is the nominal upper limit on handicap stones regardless of the difference in rank (though higher numbers of stones, like thirteen or seventeen, can be given if the teacher wants more of a challenge).
Also see Go handicap.
[to be added]
[to be added]
See a sample game, on a 9x9 board, by two professional players.
There are many official rule sets for playing Go. These vary in significant ways, such as the method used to count the final score, and in very small ways, such as whether the two kinds of "bent four in the corner" positions result in removal of the dead stones automatically at the end of the game or whether the position must be played out, and whether the players must start the game with a fixed number of stones or with an unbounded number.
Rule sets include AGA (American Go Association), Chinese, Japanese, Korean, French, New Zealand, and various modifications such as those for simple games, IGS (Internet Game Server), Ing Chang-Ki's rules, etc.
Further detailed information may be found at the following external links. Note that no one link has a complete list of all commonly used rule sets, and most of these links do not have complete information any one rule set. However, full information can be found by traversing links located at these Web sites.
Go, Go strategy and tactics, Go concepts
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