Cognitive linguistics

Linguistics

Theoretical linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Lexical semantics

Stylistics

Prescription

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Applied linguistics

Sociolinguistics

Cognitive linguistics

Historical linguistics

Etymology

Cognitive linguistics is a school of linguistics and cognitive science, which aims to provide accounts of language that mesh well with current understandings of the human mind. The guiding principle behind this area of linguistics is that language use must be explained with reference to the underlying mental processes.

Cognitive Linguistics is divided into two main areas of study: Cognitive Semantics and Cognitive Approaches to Grammar.

Important cognitive linguists include George Lakoff, Eve Sweetser, Leonard Talmy, Ronald Langacker, Mark Johnson, Mark Turner, Gilles Fauconnier, Charles Fillmore, Adele Goldberg (linguist), and Chris Johnson.

There are a number of hypotheses within cognitive linguistics that differ radically from those made in Generative linguistics. Some people in psychology and psycholinguistics who are testing these hypotheses are Michael Tomasello, Raymond Gibbs, Michael Ramscar, Michael Spivey, Teenie Matlock and Benjamin Bergen.

Researchers working on the interface between cognitive neuroscience and cognitive lingustics include Tim Rohrer, Seana Coulson and Lera Boroditsky. David McNeill has also provided important empirical evidence for cognitive linguistics from his research on gesture. Related studies of gesture and metaphor have been conducted by Sweetser and Nunez, while studies of sign language within cognitive linguistics have been conducted by Scott Liddell and Sarah Taub.

There are also people in computer science who have worked on computational modelling of the frameworks of cognitive linguistics. These include Jerome Feldman, Terry Regier and Conceptual metaphor

• Categorization
• Metonymy
• Conceptual organization
• Image schema structure
• Social stereotype
• Iconicity
• Gesture
• Linguistic relativism

Some important areas of cognitive linguistics are:

• All standard areas of linguistics
• conceptual metaphor theory, heavily influenced by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson
• conceptual blending theory, heavily influenced by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner.
• Frame semantics, heavily influenced by Charles Fillmore.
• Some versions of Construction Grammar, notably the one put forth by Adele Goldberg (linguist).

These areas are all intended to mesh together into a coherent whole. This has not yet happened, since people working within a particular framework do not necessarily keep track of advances and revisions made in other frameworks. However, there are people working towards a unified framework for the field. A further complication arises because the terminology of cognitive linguistics is not entirely stable, both because it is a relatively new field and because it interfaces with a number of other disciplines.

A helpful reference in sorting out conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending is the 1999 paper by Grady, Oakley, and Coulson listed in "further reading".

Further reading

• The is a collection of numerous formative articles in the fields of conceptual metaphor and conceptual integration.
• Gilles Fauconnier has written a brief, manifesto-like introduction to Cognitive linguistics, which compares it to mainstream, Chomsky-inspired linguistics. See Introduction to Methods and Generalizations. In T. Janssen and G. Redeker (Eds). Scope and Foundations of Cognitive Linguistics. The Hague: Mouton De Gruyter. Cognitive Linguistics Research Series. ()
• Grady, Oakley, and Coulson (1999). "Blending and Metaphor". In Metaphor in cognitive linguistics, Steen and Gibbs (eds.). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ()