Asthma
Asthma is an immunological disease which causes difficulty in breathing. In this disease, the bronchioles in the lungs are narrowed by inflammation and spasm of the lining of the airway wall. A person with asthma may experience wheezing, shortness of breath and poor exercise tolerance.
Pathology
Pathogenesis
- The fundamental problem seems to be immunological: young children in the early stages of asthma show signs of excessive inflammation in their airways
- Epidemiology gives clues to the pathogenesis: the incidence of asthma seems to be increasing worldwide; asthma is more common in more affluent countries, and more common in higher socioeconomic groups within countries.
- One theory is that it is a disease of hygiene. In nature, babies are exposed to bacteria soon after birth, "switching on" the Th1 lymphocyte cells of the immune system which deal with bacterial infection. If this stimulus is insufficient (as, perhaps, in modern clean environments) then asthma and other allergic diseases may develop. This "Hygiene Hypothesis" may explain the increase in asthma in affluent populations.
- Related to the above is another theory regarding the part of our immune system which helps protect us against parasites, such as tapeworms. The Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophil cells which protect us against worms are the same cells responsible for the allergic reaction. In the Western world these parasites are now rarely encountered but the immune response remains and is triggered in some individuals by certain allergens.
- A third theory blames the rise on asthma on air pollution. While it is well known that substantial exposures to certain industrial chemicals can cause acute episodes of asthma, it has not been proven that the same is responsible for the development of asthma. In Western Europe, most atmospheric pollutants have fallen significantly in the last forty years while the prevalence of asthma has risen.
- Typical triggers include:
- inhaled allergens such as house dust mite, pollen, mould spores, pet epithelials
- cold air
- exercise
- respiratory infection
- emotional stress
- aspirin & similar medications
Symptoms
The cardinal symptom of asthma is wheeze, indicating airway obstruction. Cough, sometimes with clear sputum may be present. Typically the symptoms are very variable, often with rapid onset, and associated with the triggers listed above. Symptoms are often worse during the night or on waking. Increasing airway obstruction will cause shortness of breath. Asthma sometimes correlates with acid indigestion, especially amongst older patients.
Signs
"Signs" (what a physician finds on examination) are wheeze, rapid breathing, expiratory phase of breathing longer than inspiratory, indrawing of tissues between ribs and above sternum & clavicles, overinflation of the chest and rhonchi (wheezy noises heard with a stethoscope). In severe attacks the asthma sufferer may be cyanosed (blue) and can lose consciousness. Between attacks a person with asthma may show no signs at all.
Diagnosis
In most cases the physician can make the diagnosis on the basis of typical symptoms and signs. The typical rapid changes in airway obstruction can be demonstrated by a fall in pulmonary function tests after exercise or inhalation of histamine, and subsequent improvement with an inhaled bronchodilator medication. Many people with asthma have allergies; positive allergy tests support a diagnosis of asthma and may help in identifying avoidable triggers. Other tests (for example chest x-ray) may be required to exclude other lung disease.
Treatment
Symptomatic
Episodes of wheeze and shortness of breath generally respond to inhaled bronchodilators which work by relaxing the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi (airways). More severe episodes may need short courses of oral steroids which suppress inflammation and reduce the swelling of the lining of the airway.
- Inhaled bronchodilators
- Systemic steroids (ex. prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone)
- Oxygen to alleviate the hypoxia (but not the asthma per se) that is the result of extreme asthma attacks.
- If Acid indigestion (GERD) is part of the attack, it is necessary to treat it as well or it will restart the inflammatory process.
Preventive
Triggers such as pets and aspirin should be identified and avoided. People with asthma who are having symptoms most days will usually benefit from regular preventive medication. The most effective preventive medication are the inhaled steroids.
