1860s
Centuries
:
18th century
-
19th century
-
20th century
Decades
:
1830s
1840s
1850s
-
1860s
-
1870s
1880s
1890s
Years:
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
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]
Events and trends
Italian unification
under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the
Papal States
(
March 17
,
1861
-
September 20
,
1870
).
American Civil War
fought between the remaining
United States of America
under President
Abraham Lincoln
and the self-declared
Confederate States of America
under President
Jefferson Davis
(
April 12
,
1861
-
April 9
,
1865
). Beginning of the
Reconstruction
era under President
Andrew Johnson
(
1865
-
1869
).
French
occupation of
Mexico
(
1863
-
1867
). Replacement of
President of Mexico
Benito Juárez
(
1861
-
1863
) at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte (
1863
-
1864
) and then by Emperor
Maximilian of Mexico
(
1864
-
1867
).
Benito Juárez
eventually manages to recover his position (
1867
-
1872
).
Meiji Restoration
in
Japan
(
1866
-
1869
).
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
, 15th and last of the
Tokugawa shoguns
loses control to the
Meiji Emperor
. A series of reforms follows. The
samurai
class fails to survive while the
Daimyo
turn to
politics
.
Catholicism
Reaction against
Higher Criticism
and liberal movement in
Europe
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World leaders
Emperor
Franz Josef
(
Austria-Hungary
)
Emperor
Napoleon III
(
France
)
King
Victor Emmanuel II
(
Italy
)
Pope Pius IX
Emperor
Alexander II
(
Russia
)
Queen
Victoria
(
United Kingdom
)
Prime Minister
Lord Palmerston
(
United Kingdom
)
Prime Minister
Lord Derby
(
United Kingdom
)
Prime Minister
William Ewart Gladstone
(
United Kingdom
)
President
James Buchanan
(
United States
)
President
Abraham Lincoln
(
United States
)
President
Andrew Johnson
(
United States
)